An overview on in situ micronization technique – An emerging novel concept in advanced drug delivery

The use of drug powders containing micronized drug particles has been increasing in several pharmaceutical dosage forms to overcome the dissolution and bioavailability problems. Most of the newly developed drugs are poorly water soluble which limits dissolution rate and bioavailability. The dissolution rate can be enhanced by micronization of the drug particles. The properties of the micronized drug substance such as particle size, size distribution, shape, surface properties, and agglomeration behaviour and powder flow are affected by the type of micronization technique used. Mechanical communition, spray drying and supercritical fluid (SCF) technology are the most commonly employed techniques for production of micronized drug particles but the characteristics of the resulting drug product cannot be controlled using these techniques. Hence, a newer technique called in situ micronization is developed in order to overcome the limitations associated with the other techniques. This review summarizes the existing knowledge on in situ micronization techniques. The properties of the resulting drug substance obtained by in situ micronization were also compared.     

国产X线机高故障率原因及对策探讨

目的:为扩大国产X线机临床应用范围,提高整机制造技术水平,降低设备故障率,减少维修次数,逐步建立国产X线机良好的品牌效应。方法:对某院国产X线机近3 a的故障、诊断及修复情况进行综合分析。结果:对产品的机电控制部分,首先注重防机械抖动,其次是选择适应环境温度变化的高稳定性电子器件;对软件系统要增强服务能力,强调完美服务理念。结论:提高管理水平是降低高故障率的唯一途径。     

2012咸宁市手足口病疫情分析

目的了解咸宁市手足口病的流行特点,为制定手足口病防治措施提供依据。方法对2012年咸宁市区（咸宁市中心医院、咸宁市第一人民医院咸安区妇幼保健院咸安桂花镇卫生院、马桥镇卫生院、汀泗镇卫生院、浮山大幕卫生院）手足口病疫情资料进行分析。结果 2012年咸宁市区报告手足口病1 480人,同期总人口28.15万人,发病率525.75/10万,男性患者961例,女性患者519例,男女比例是1.85∶1,男性患者高于女性患者（P〈0.01）;温泉城区592人（40.0%）,咸安城区656人（44.32%）,咸安妇幼保健院71人（4.79%）,永安社区61人（4.12%）,马桥镇卫生院62人（4.18%）,桂花镇卫生院15人（1.01%）,咸安浮山社区12人（0.81%）,汀泗桥卫生院4人,大幕乡卫生院3人,向阳湖1人。1480例中4~7月发病848例（57.29%）,10~12月发病428例（28.91%）;五岁及以下儿童1467例（99.12%）,散居儿童1201例（81.14%）,幼托儿童259例（17.5%）,学生18例（1.21%）。结论 2012年咸宁市手足口病发病率相对较高,防控工作的重点为散居儿童和幼托机构儿童。     

产力异常产妇62例临床护理

目的探讨产力异常产妇的临床护理。方法对62例产力异常产妇进行护理评估,并针对性采取护理措施。结果 62例产力异常产妇经过精心细致的治疗和护理,均成功分娩,无并发症发生。结论对产力异常产妇在围生期进行密切观测,并有针对性地采取护理干预措施,能够提高分娩成功率,保证产妇及胎儿安全度过分娩期。     

Third International Meeting on Progress in Radio-Oncology

Summary

Phthalocyanines are photosensitizers evaluated for use in photodynamic therapy of cancer. As such, the dependence of the bioresponse on the light fluence rate may be of clinical importance. The effect of the fluence rate of white light from 0·165 to 3·3 kJ m^?2 min^?1 was studied in Chinese hamster cells and human lymphocytes, using as endpoints colony-forming ability and inhibition of [³H]thymidine incorporation following mitogenic stimulation and dye-photoactivation, respectively. Using Chinese hamster cells exposed to photoexcited chloroaluminium phthalocyanine tetrasulphonate in PBS solution, cytotoxicity was diminished as the fluence rate was reduced. In human lymphocytes changing the fluence rate between 0·33 and 3·3 kJ m^?2 min^?1 affected the response in a way similar to that of Chinese hamster cells. Human lymphocytes, when exposed to incremental increasing light fluences, 4 h after a conditioning dose, were able to recover from phthalocyanine-induced photo-damage, as evidenced by the reappearance of a shoulder on the dose-effect curve. This recovery process during a protracted light exposure, could explain the reduced sensitivity to phthalocyanine photosensitization, compared to exposure at high fluence rates.     

养正消积胶囊对CaEs-17细胞成瘤组织及对荷瘤鼠生存状态与白细胞分类的影响

目的：探讨养正消积胶囊对荷瘤裸鼠食管鳞癌的抑制作用及对其生存状态、白细胞分类的影响。方法：食管麟癌CaEs-17细胞株经培养并接种于裸鼠皮下，随机分组后给予3种不同剂量的养正消积胶囊灌胃，并与顺铂对照。观察荷瘤裸鼠生存状况，测量肿瘤抑制率并检测裸鼠白细胞分类。结果：养正消积胶囊对荷瘤裸鼠食管癌组织具有抑制作用，对其日常生活质量，白细胞、淋巴细胞数量具有维持作用，与顺铂相对照差异显著（p＜0.05）。结论：养正消积胶囊能抑制荷瘤裸鼠食管癌组织的增殖，且有利于改善其生存状态与白细胞水平。     

Neurophysiological adaptations to spaceflight and simulated microgravity

Changes in physiological functions after spaceflight and simulated spaceflight involve several mechanisms. Microgravity is one of them and it can be partially reproduced with models, such as head down bed rest (HDBR). Yet, only a few studies have investigated in detail the complexity of neurophysiological systems and their integration to maintain homeostasis. Central nervous system changes have been studied both in their structural and functional component with advanced techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance (fMRI), showing the main involvement of the cerebellum, cortical sensorimotor, and somatosensory areas, as well as vestibular-related pathways. Analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) led to contrasting results, mainly due to the different factors affecting brain activity. The study of corticospinal excitability may enable a deeper understanding of countermeasures' effect, since greater excitability has been shown being correlated with better preservation of functions. Less is known about somatosensory evoked potentials and peripheral nerve function, yet they may be involved in a homeostatic mechanism fundamental to thermoregulation. Extending the knowledge of such alterations during simulated microgravity may be useful not only for space exploration, but for its application in clinical conditions and for life on Earth, as well.