电阻抗断层成像技术用于呼气末正压滴定的研究进展

适当的呼气末正压（PEEP）是保护性肺通气策略的重要组成部分,PEEP可以保持肺泡开放,减少肺萎陷伤。尽管个体化PEEP已被越来越多的临床医师认可,但最佳的PEEP滴定方法尚存争议。电阻抗断层成像（EIT）是一种无创、无辐射的成像技术,可在床边实时动态评估肺功能,将肺通气过程中的阻抗变化以动态图像呈现,能够反映PEEP调整前后肺内通气及气体分布变化,因此,EIT可用于滴定个体化PEEP。本文简要概括EIT的基本原理及监测指标,阐述临床应用EIT指导下的PEEP（PEEPEIT）滴定方法,旨在加强对EIT的优点和局限性的理解,为优化个体化PEEP的设置提供参考。     

铁路运输业职工心理紧张特点

采用紧张性生活事件量表及症状自评量表（ＳＣＬ－９０），对铁路运输职业中火车司机２１３名、列车员２０５名及调度员１３８名职工进行了调查。结果提示火车司机的环境噪音污染问题、列车员的学习问题，调度员的人际关系、家庭、婚恋问题的年心理紧张均值，显著高于中国常模。发现家庭主要成员患急重病是火车司机和列车员的高强高频事件；本人生活习惯改变是三组共有的中强高频事件；不安心本职工作，工作中遇到困难是火车司机、列车员的中强高频事件。结果还发现调度员所承受的年心理压力最高为２１．０１５，火车司机次之为１９．０４２，两组显著高于中国常模，列车员最低，为１１．９０２．同时还发现火车司机心理健康调查表中总苦恼水平最高，与另两组差异非常显著。     

Supportive and Negative Responses in the Partner Relationship: Their Association with Psychological Adjustment Among Individuals with Cancer

This study examined the association between positive and negative aspects of spouse responses and psychological adjustment among 15S individuals with cancer. Two contextual variables, gender and disease-related functional impairment, were taken into account when examining the association between spouse responses and patient psychological distress and well-being. Results indicated that negative aspects of close relationships played a comparatively stronger role than positive aspects in their associations with both psychological distress and well-being. For negative spouse responses, patient gender did not moderate the effects of these responses upon psychological outcomes. For positive aspects of spouse support, both gender and functional disability moderated the association between spouse support and psychological outcomes. These findings are integrated with the general literature on positive and negative aspects of close relationships. Implications for clinical interventions are also discussed.     

Symptoms in children of British and of Bangladeshi parents measured by the Rutter B2 questionnaire

Objectives. Bangladeshi children are less frequently referred to a child psychiatric clinic than their British peers. This study aimed to ascertain if teachers observed less psychological symptoms in Bangladeshi than British children.

Method. Teachers completed a Rutter B2 Scale on samples of 113 ‘Bangladeshi’ and 61 British children aged between 5 and 11 years.

Results. Teachers recognised less symptomatology in the Asian children than their British peers. This trend was significant in children under the age of 8, but there was no significant difference in those aged 8–11 years. Only 13% of Bangladeshi children were fully fluent in English.

Conclusions. Two alternate hypotheses are put forward to explain these findings: (a) because more of the younger children could not speak English and communicate freely with their teachers, their symptoms were not noted by teachers; (b) the symptoms of the older children were a response to the pressures both the children and families faced as new immigrants. This study clearly needs to be replicated with a larger sample and also with interviews with both children and parents in order to validate the Rutter B2 questionnaires as an appropriate measure of disturbance in Bangladeshi children. It should be replicated with validated assessments of the children's fluency in English. It is also important to discuss with Bangladeshi parents what support they would like from both the school and from child psychiatric services, to promote their children's psychological health.     

Intracerebral haemorrhages in surfactant treated neonates with severe respiratory distress syndrome: age at diagnosis,severity and risk factors

Within a randomized European multicentre trial the time of onset, severity and progression of intracerebral haemorrhages (ICH) were investigated prospectively by serial cranial ultrasonography in 343 ventilated infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) following instillation of single or multiple doses of a natural porcine surfactant (Curosurf). In 148/343 infants (43%) ICH was diagnosed (grade I or II: 22%, grade III or IV: 21%). In 26 cases (8%) ICH was present on the ultrasound scan prior to surfactant instillation at a median age of 6h. Incidence and severity of ICH was similar after single- or multiple-dose surfactant treatment. Using a logistic regression model the following risk factors predictive of ICH were defined: low birth weight, allocation to certain hospitals, vaginal delivery, Apgar score6, rectal temperature on admission 36°C, primary anaemia, acidosis prior to treatment, RDS grade IV in pre-treatment chest films and poor response to surfactant treatmentOur study provides supportive evidence that multiple doses of Curosurf do not increase the risk for ICH as compared to single-dose administration.A preliminary report of this work was presented at 8th International Workshop on Surfactant Replacement, Oslo, Norway, May 21 1993. The study was supported by grants of the German government (BMFT 93 607 27) and the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft He 2072: 1–2). The surfactant used in the trial was prepared ang tested in Stockholm with the skilful technical assistance of Elin Arvesen, Bim Linderholm. Eva Lundberg, Gunhild Nilsson and Petru Popa (supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (Project No. 3351) and Oscar II:s Jubileumsfond)Dedicated to the memory of Edgar (Eddi) Laufkötter, one of the most active trial collaborators, who died under tragic circumstances on April 10, 1994.     

列车乘务员SCL—90评定结果分析

采用ＳＣＬ—９０症状自评量表对某铁路分局４６７名列车乘务员的心理卫生状况进行了分析。结果显示总均分、阳性症状均分、阳性项目数、九组症候群因子分、达到或超过中等严重程度的发生频数均显著高于对照组。经多元逐步回归分析,仅细菌总数和二氧化碳对列车乘务员心理卫生状况有一定影响,其原因多与工作环境的不良因素和工作性质有关。     

小潮气量通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

应用小潮气量通气致容许性高碳酸血症方法对11例急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）进行临床观察。设定潮气量为6．4±1．1ml／kg,保持动脉血二氧化碳（PaCQ2）为5．97±1．41kPa,血氧分压8．54±3．19kPa。结果7例存活,未发现气压伤。说明小潮气量通气致一定程度高碳酸血症是临床上值得推荐使用的方法。     

Effects of support group intervention in postnatally distressed women. A controlled study in Taiwan

Objective: The symptoms of depression experienced by women during the postnatal period may have profound effects on the lifelong health of both the mother and the child. In this randomized controlled study, we systematically evaluated the effects of weekly supportive group meetings for women with postnatal distress. Methods: Sixty postnatally distressed women were randomly assigned to support (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Women assigned to the support group participated in four supportive group sessions that comprised discussions concerning transition to motherhood, postnatal stress management, communication skills, and life planning. Results: Subjects who attended the support sessions had significantly decreased scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and significantly increased scores on the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) as evaluated at the end of the fourth weekly session. In contrast, no significant changes were observed in the control group during this period. Conclusion: This is the first controlled study to provide evidence that participation in support groups for postnatally distressed women provides quantifiable psychosocial benefits.     

沐舒坦治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效观察

目的　 观察沐舒坦治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效。 方法 　对 66例符合条件的研究对象进行分层随机分配 ,在上呼吸机的同时 ,治疗组 (34例 )予沐舒坦针剂 (每次 7 5mg/kg) ,对照组 (32例 )则予生理盐水 ,两组输注时间均大于5min ,均每 6h一次 ,连用 7d。实验观察期达 2 8d ,期间观察用药后 2 4、36、48、60、72、84、96h ,各研究对象MAP、PaO2 /FiO2 的变化以及患儿并发症的发生率、两组死亡发生率。 结果 　治疗组与对照组MAP在开始用药后 60h、72h、84h、96h差异有统计学意义 ,P均<0 0 5。两组PaO2 /FiO2 在 60h、72h ,84h ,96h亦差异显著 ,有统计学意义 ,P均 <0 0 5。治疗组及对照组脑室周围 -脑室内出血 (SHE -IVH)发生率分别为 2 9 41%、5 6 2 5 % ,χ2 =4 861,P <0 0 5 ,相对危险度降低率 (RRR) :47 72 % ,需治疗人数 (NNT) :3 7;支气管肺发育不良 (BPD)、气胸、死亡发生率治疗组较对照组均有下降 ,其RRR、NNT均提示有临床意义。 结论 　沐舒坦在用药 60h后能显著改善NRDS的肺换气功能及降低机械通气时的平均气道压力 ,显著减少NRDS患儿中SHE IVH的发生率 ,降低BPD、死亡、气漏的发生率