血清PCT与hs-CRP对新生儿细菌感染性肺炎的诊断价值

目的 比较血清降钙素原(PCT)和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)对新生儿细菌感染性肺炎的诊断价值.方法 选择2015年1月至2016年6月期间我院收治的新生儿肺炎90例为研究对象,根据病原体的不同分为细菌性肺炎组(n=46)与非细菌性肺炎组(n=44),比较两组患儿血清PCT和hs-CRP阳性率,以及细菌性肺炎患儿治疗后血清PCT和hs-CRP阳性率的变化.结果 细菌性肺炎组患儿的hs-CRP、PCT阳性率分别为71.74%、91.30%,明显高于非细菌性肺炎组患儿的18.18%和4.55%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌性肺炎患儿治疗1周后,PCT阳性率为32.61%,高于hs-CRP的13.04%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗2周后PCT和hs-CRP阳性率分别为4.35%和2.17%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 血清PCT对于新生儿细菌性肺炎具有更好的诊断及鉴别诊断价值,且PCT有助于评估治疗效果并指导抗菌药物的应用.     

盐酸氨溴索辅佐阿奇霉素治疗儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的疗效分析

目的:探讨盐酸氨溴索辅佐阿奇霉素治疗儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的疗效.方法:收集2015年4月至2017年4月200例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿随机分为两组,对照组患儿给予阿奇霉素,实验组患儿则加用盐酸氨溴索,比较两组患儿相关临床指标、总体治疗效果、实验室指标、肺功能、凝血指标与免疫功能.结果:实验组患儿退热时间、咳嗽消失时间、啰音消失时间、X线浸润影消失时间与住院时间均显著性低于对照组;治疗后CRP、D-二聚体、IL-4、FIB与IgE水平组间比较均显著性低于对照组,FVC、FEV1、PEF、FEF75、IgA与IgG水平均显著性高于对照组,存在显著性差异(P<0.01);痊愈率明显高于对照组,存在明显差异(P<0.05).结论:盐酸氨溴索辅佐阿奇霉素治疗儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的疗效显著,具有借鉴意义.     

免疫功能变化在支原体肺炎感染患儿中的检测价值

目的 :探析支原体肺炎患儿感染后的免疫功能变化的临床价值.方法 :分析2014年10月~2016年10月在我院接受治疗的72例支原体肺炎感染患儿(观察组)的临床资料.另外选取同期在我院接受健康体检的72例健康儿童作为此次研究的对照组.比较两组儿童的一般资料、补体及免疫球蛋白水平、红细胞免疫水平及外周血T淋巴细胞亚群.结果 :两组患儿的一般资料无显著差异性.观察组患儿的血清IgA、IgM、IgG及补体C3、C4的表达水平均显著较对照组低,且急性期变化幅度较恢复期大.观察组患儿的免疫复合物花环率、C3b受体花环率及免疫黏附促进因子均显著较对照组低,而免疫黏附抑制因子则显著较对照组高,且急性期变化幅度较恢复期大.观察组患儿的CD3+、CD4+及CD4+/CD8+均显著较对照组低,而CD8+则明显较对照组高,且急性期变化幅度较恢复期大.结论 :支原体肺炎感染患儿的免疫功能相对处于低下状态,且对其免疫状态的调节可以有效改善患儿的疾病状态,值得推广.     

儿童肺炎支原体肺炎临床特点及重症危险因素分析

目的:了解住院儿童肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)的流行病学及临床特点,并分析儿童重症MPP的相关因素。方法: 收集2017年1月-2017年12月于天津医科大学第二医院儿科住院治疗的MPP患儿180例,进行回顾性分析。按病情严重程度分为重症组（SMPP组）73例、普通组（MPP组）107例进行比较,分析流行病学、临床特点以及SMPP相关因素。结果:（1）儿童MPP多以秋（84例,46.7%）、冬（56例,31.1%）季节为主。（2）SMPP组与MPP组比较,前者患病年龄大,发热时间长,影像学多表现为大片状实变影,住院时间偏长。（3）SMPP组与MPP组比较降钙素原（PCT）无差异,而外周血白细胞计数（WBC）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、血清IgA、血清IgG、血清IgM、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和铁蛋白（SF）指标明显高于MPP组,差异有显著性。（4）二分类Logistic回归分析发现热程（OR=1.30,P=0.031）、CRP（OR=1.06,P=0.005）、LDH（OR=1.012,P= 0.001）及胸片大片状实变影（OR=11.57,P=0.000）共4个自变量为SMPP的独立相关因素。结论:儿童MPP多发生在秋冬季。SMPP多发生在学龄期,胸部影像学检查多表现为大片状实变影,WBC、CRP、LDH及SF等炎症指标升高明显,其中热程、CRP、LDH及影像学显示大片状实变影与病情严重程度有关。     

低分子肝素治疗D-二聚体升高支原体肺炎的有效性分析

目的分析低分子肝素治疗D-二聚体升高支原体肺炎的有效性。方法选取我院2018年1～12月收治的64例D-二聚体升高支原体肺炎患儿作为研究对象,按照数字盲选法将其均分为两组(n=32),对照组采用常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上给予低分子肝素,对比两组治疗效果。结果治疗后,观察组的血小板(PLT)、D-二聚体水平明显低于对照组(P0.05);观察组的发热时间、住院时间均短于对照组(P0.05);观察组治疗总有效率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论将低分子肝素应用于D-二聚体升高支原体肺炎患儿的治疗中,可有效改善患儿体内的凝血系统功能,缩短病情恢复时间,提高治疗效果,促进其病情恢复。     

选择性消化道去污联合谷氨酰胺预防兔背驮式肝移植肠道细菌易位

目的观察选择性消化道去污(SDD)联合谷氨酰胺(Gln)对兔原位背驮式肝移植肠道细菌易位及术后肺部感染的预防作用。方法建立兔原位背驮式肝移植模型30例,受体兔被随机均分为SDD组、SDD Gln组及对照组。SDD组给予含妥布霉素、多黏菌素E及制霉菌素的乳剂处理;SDD Gln组在SDD的基础上加以Gln;对照组仅建立移植模型。各组分时段抽取门静脉血,获取回肠组织标本及术后肺组织标本,观察回肠组织病理变化、门静脉血细菌易位及术后肺部感染情况。结果门静脉阻断15、30、45min及术后30h SDD Gln组回肠壁毛细血管混合切面面积均小于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)和SDD组(P<0.05)。门静脉阻断前SDD Gln组回肠绒毛长度较对照组(P<0.05)和SDD组(P<0.05)长,在门静脉阻断45min时段对照组超过SDD Gln组(P<0.05)和SDD组(P<0.05),术后又回返至术前状态(P<0.05,P<0.01)。门静脉阻断45min和术后30h时段SDD Gln组及SDD组门静脉血细菌培养阳性者少于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。SDD Gln组及SDD组术后肺部感染者也少于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论Gln对肠黏膜上皮细胞具有较强的营养作用,与SDD联用可以有效地降低门静脉阻断期间及术后肠道细菌易位及术后肺部感染的发生。     

Timing of surgery for hip fractures in the elderly: A retrospective cohort study

IntroductionAlthough early surgery for elderly patients with hip fracture is recommended in existing clinical guidelines, the results of previous studies are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to compare postoperative outcomes of early and delayed surgery for elderly patients with hip fracture.Materials and MethodsIn this retrospective study using a national inpatient database in Japan, patients aged 65 years or older who underwent surgery for hip fracture between July 2010 and March 2014 were included. Early surgery was defined as surgery on the day or the next day of admission. Assessed outcomes included death within 30 days and hospital-acquired pneumonia.ResultsIn this cohort, 47,073 (22.5%) patients underwent surgery for hip fractures within two days of admission (early surgery group) and 161,805 (77.5%) underwent surgery for hip fractures thereafter (delayed surgery group). Early surgery was significantly associated with lower odds for hospital-acquired pneumonia (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.25–0.69) and pressure ulcers (odds ratio, 0.56, 95%CI: 0.33–0.96, p = 0.035), but was not associated with 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.49–1.86) or pulmonary embolism (odds ratio, 1.62, 95%CI: 0.58–4.52, p = 0.357).ConclusionsThese results support current guidelines, which recommend early surgery for elderly hip fractures patients.     

气囊上滞留物清除预防呼吸机相关性肺炎

目的 观察气囊上滞留物清除技术对降低机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生率的作用。方法 将58例行气管插管机械通气治疗48h以上患者随机分为观察组（32例）和对照组（26例），对照组采用常规气道护理，观察组在此基础上实施气囊上滞留物清除技术。观察两组机械通气1周、2周及2周后VAP发生率以及机械通气时间。结果 机械通气1周、2周观察组VAP发生率显著低于对照组（均P〈0．05），机械通气时间显著短于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论 气囊上滞留物清除技术可显著减少VAP的发生，缩短机械通气时间，但气囊上滞留物并不是引起VAP的唯一因素。     

A prospective comparison of severity scores for identifying patients with severe community acquired pneumonia: reconsidering what is meant by severe pneumonia

BACKGROUND: Several severity scores have been proposed to predict patient outcome and to guide initial management of patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Most have been derived as predictors of mortality. A study was undertaken to compare the predictive value of these tools using different clinically meaningful outcomes as constructs for "severe pneumonia". METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed of all patients presenting to the emergency department with an admission diagnosis of CAP from March 2003 to March 2004. Clinical and laboratory features at presentation were used to calculate severity scores using the pneumonia severity index (PSI), the revised American Thoracic Society score (rATS), and the British Thoracic Society (BTS) severity scores CURB, modified BTS severity score, and CURB-65. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were compared for four different outcomes (death, need for ICU admission, and combined outcomes of death and/or need for ventilatory or inotropic support). RESULTS: 392 patients were included in the analysis; 37 (9.4%) died and 26 (6.6%) required ventilatory and/or inotropic support. The modified BTS severity score performed best for all four outcomes. The PSI (classes IV+V) and CURB had a very similar performance as predictive tools for each outcome. The rATS identified the need for ICU admission well but not mortality. The CURB-65 score predicted mortality well but performed less well when requirement for ICU was included in the outcome of interest. When the combined outcome was evaluated (excluding patients aged >90 years and those from nursing homes), the best predictors were the modified BTS severity score (sensitivity 94.3%) and the PSI and CURB score (sensitivity 83.3% for both). CONCLUSIONS: Different severity scores have different strengths and weaknesses as prediction tools. Validation should be done in the most relevant clinical setting, using more appropriate constructs of "severe pneumonia" to ensure that these potentially useful tools truly deliver what clinicians expect of them.     

诃子提取物的抗菌活性研究

目的：考察中药诃子提取物的体外抗菌活性。方法分别用水乙酸乙酯及95％乙醇对诃子粉末进行提取,获得3种提取组分。以二倍稀释法测定3种提取组分对鲍曼不动杆菌大肠埃希菌肺炎克雷伯杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度。采用同样方法考察提取物对临床分离的泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的抗菌作用。结果诃子的3种提取组分中水提取组分的抗菌活性最强;3种提取组分对4种致病菌均具有抑制和杀灭作用,对泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的作用最强。结论中药诃子提取物具有广泛的抗菌活性,有望用于细菌感染性疾病特别是耐药菌所致感染的治疗。