重视新型冠状病毒肺炎对心脏的损害

【摘要】目前2019新型冠状病毒（2019 nCov）感染的肺炎疫情进入了一个严峻且复杂的局面,疫情防控和救治形势十分严峻。现对新型冠状病毒肺炎（NCP）病情演化规律的认识,疾病确切的发病机理,尤其是发生重症化的机理尚不完全清楚。本文从肾素-血管紧张素系统（RAS）分子通路的角度,以血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）靶点,探讨2019-nCov可能对NCP患者的心脏损害及对心血管疾病患者的危害。     

Swallowing and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review

The purpose of this review is to assess the current state of the literature on the topic of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and its effects on swallowing function in Parkinson's disease (PD). Pubmed, Cochrane review, and web of science searches were completed on all articles addressing DBS that contained a swallowing outcome measure. Outcome measures included the penetration/aspiration scale, pharyngeal transit time, oropharyngeal residue, drooling, aspiration pneumonia, death, hyolaryngeal excursion, epiglottic inversion, UPDRS scores, and presence of coughing/throat clearing during meals. The search identified 13 studies specifically addressing the effects of DBS on swallowing. Critical assessment of the 13 identified peer-reviewed publications revealed nine studies employing an experimental design, (e.g. “on” vs. “off”, pre- vs. post-DBS) and four case reports. None of the nine experimental studies were found to identify clinically significant improvement or decline in swallowing function with DBS. Despite these findings, several common threads were identified across experimental studies and will be examined in this review. Additionally, available data demonstrate that, although subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation has been considered to cause more impairment to swallowing function than globus pallidus internus (GPi) stimulation, there are no experimental studies directly comparing swallowing function in STN vs. GPi. Moreover, there has been no comparison of unilateral vs. bilateral DBS surgery and the coincident effects on swallowing function. This review includes a critical analysis of all experimental studies and discusses methodological issues that should be addressed in future studies.     

引起慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期精神神经症状原因及预防对策

目的探讨引起慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期精神神经症状原因及预防对策。方法回顾性分析2002年1月～2011年10月慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者的临床资料,根据动脉血气分析、电解质、头颅CT检查及治疗结果综合分析引起精神神经症状原因。结果 310例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者合并精神神经症状40例(12.90%,40/310);肺性脑病22例(55.00%);低渗性脑病10例(25.00%);药物不良反应5例(12.50%);脑梗死3例(7.50%)。结论慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期精神神经症状发生率较高,原因多样,应该进行鉴别诊断,实施针对性预防对策避免或减少其他发生。     

Combination of ventilator care bundle and regular oral care with chlorhexidine was associated with reduction in ventilator associated pneumonia

BackgroundVentilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is an important source of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. VAP is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital stay and increases in costs.MethodsQuality improvement project. Mechanically ventilated patients received oral care every 8 h with chlorhexidine 2%. A formal process was developed to evaluate compliance with the following ventilator bundle initiatives: head of the bed elevation to 30–45°, daily sedation vacation and assess the readiness to extubate, providing peptic ulcer disease prophylaxis and providing deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis (unless contraindicated).ResultsThe rate of VAP before starting the project, in the first 6 months of year 1431H, was 16.2 cases/1000 ventilator days. Six month after inception of the quality improvement project, the VAP rates decreased to 5.6 cases/1000 ventilator days at the end of 1431H, and at the end of 1432H, it was 5.5 cases/1000 ventilator days. This leads to significant reduction in mortality (adjusted according to APACHE II) from 23.4% to 19.1% (p value 0.024) and the length of stay in ICU from 9.7 to 6.5 days (p value 0.00002).ConclusionThe combination of regular oral hygiene with chlorhexidine 2% and rigorous implementation of ventilator care bundle was associated with significant reduction in VAP rate in mechanically ventilated patients. This has led to reduction in length of stay in ICU from 9.7 to 6.5 days and reduction in mortality from 23.4% to 19.1%.     

Community-acquired pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common inflammatory process contained within the lungs in response to infection with non-hospital pathogens. Full resolution usually occurs with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. A significant proportion of patients develop severe CAP where there is failure to contain the local immune response. These patients can develop septic shock requiring admission to the intensive care unit. The CURB65 severity score is a rapid, objective way of predicting mortality and can be used to guide site of care decisions in conjunction with clinical assessment. Microbiological investigation of severe CAP permits pathogen-specific antibiotic therapy and provides epidemiological data. Complications include parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Outcome from severe CAP can be improved by prompt antibiotic therapy.     

人免疫球蛋白联合更昔洛韦治疗小儿腺病毒肺炎的临床研究

目的探讨静注人免疫球蛋白(pH 4)联合注射用更昔洛韦治疗小儿腺病毒肺炎的临床疗效。方法选择2014年6月—2016年12月华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院收治的腺病毒肺炎患儿90例,所有患儿按随机数字表法随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各45例。对照组静脉滴注注射用更昔洛韦,5 mg/kg,滴注时间1 h,2次/d。治疗组在对照组基础上静脉滴注静注人免疫球蛋白(pH 4),400 mg/kg,1次/d。两组患儿均连续治疗14 d。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组的临床症状、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、分泌型磷脂酶A2(sPLA2)、克拉拉细胞分泌蛋白(CCSP)和白细胞介素-1(IL-1)水平情况。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为71.11%、95.56%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,治疗组退热时间、咳嗽停止时间、咽痛消失时间、肺部湿啰音消失时间和住院时间均明显短于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组血清TNF-α、sPLA2、CCSP和IL-1水平均明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组这些观察指标明显低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论静注人免疫球蛋白(pH 4)联合注射用更昔洛韦治疗小儿腺病毒肺炎具有较好的临床疗效,可改善临床症状,降低TNF-α、sPLA2、CCSP和IL-1水平,具有一定临床推广应用价值。