This study examined sensitivity of eye tracking measures to hyperphagia severity in Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS). Gaze data were collected in 57 children with PWS, age 3–11 years, and 47 typically developing peers at two study sites during free visual exploration of complex stimulus arrays that included images of food, animals, and household objects. Analysis of the number and duration of fixations as well as gaze perseverations revealed that food items are not exceptionally salient for children with PWS. Instead, increased attention to food in the context of other high‐interest items (e.g., animals) was associated with caregiver reports of more severe hyperphagia and more advanced nutritional phase. The study also provided preliminary evidence of possible genetic subtype and sex differences as well as demonstrated that multiple investigators in a wide range of settings can effectively implement the eye tracking protocol. The results indicate that gaze characteristics derived from eye tracking may be a promising objective marker of hyperphagia in PWS for use in research and clinical trials. 相似文献
We have reported the streptozotocin (SZ)-induced hepatic lesions in the subacute phase (4 to 12 weeks after the treatment), which are characterized by appearance of oncocytic hepatocytes, cytomegalic hepatocytes and bile duct hyperplasia. In this study, we focused on the acute phase (6 to 48 hours after the treatment) of the SZ-induced hepatic lesions of mice to clarify the onset of the hepatic alterations, especially before the induction of hyperglycemia. Livers were taken from 8-week-old Crj:CD-1 (ICR) male mice at 6,12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after the 200 mg/kg b.w. of SZ-injection. SZ-induced hyperglycemia was noted at 36 and 48 hours after the treatment, but the hepatic changes including lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial swelling, peroxisome proliferation and inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation occurred before the elevation of the serum glucose levels. The present findings indicate the direct effects of SZ on hepatocytes rather than the secondary effects of diabetes, and certain correlations between the hepatocytic changes in the acute phase and those in the subacute one. In addition, ulcer and submucosal edema of the gallbladder were observed at 36 or 48 hours after the SZ-treatment, which can be a novel finding in SZ-treated animal. 相似文献
The load sensitivity of the relaxation phase was studied in rat papillary muscle, with isotonic afterloaded contractions and stretches applied after the peak of isometric twitches.The tension decay occurred earlier in isotonic than in isometric contractions. When a central region of the preparation was marked with small stainless steel pins, a lengthening of this region could be shown during relaxation of isometric (fixed end) contractions. This lengthening was earlier and faster in isotonic afterloaded contractions. Therefore the sensitivity of relaxation to load or length changes could be described in the context of the general mechanism of relaxation which takes into account the non uniform behaviour of the muscle and the internal movement during contractions.Interventions which decelerate the activation decay rate had different effects on the load dependence of relaxation. Caffeine addition and substitution of strontium for calcium abolished the load sensitivity while a temperature reduction had no influence on it. 相似文献
C-reactive protein is one of the most widely used indicators of the response of acute-phase proteins. The measurement of C-reactive protein in dengue, however, is clinically not useful, because of marginally elevated levels and absent association with disease severity. The prototypic long pentraxin, pentraxin 3, is an acute phase protein that is structurally related but distinct from C-reactive protein which has proven to correlate with the severity of bacterial infection in critically ill patients. The potential involvement of pentraxin 3 in dengue and its aptitude to predict more severe disease or poor clinical outcome has not been studied previously. We therefore measured pentraxin 3 plasma levels in 44 dengue virus infected patients. Pentraxin 3 levels were strikingly higher when compared to C-reactive protein levels, with highest pentraxin 3 values observed in the first 7 days after the onset of symptoms. Median pentraxin 3 levels at admission and peak levels during follow up were higher in patients suffering from dengue shock syndrome (at admission: 119.3 ng/ml [interquartile range 61.8--188.7], peak values during follow up: 147.9 ng/ml [interquartile range 85.7--204.3]) compared to levels found in patients with dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever (at admission: 59.0 ng/ml [interquartile range 28.6--100.3], P=0.040; peak values during follow up: 80.8 ng/ml [interquartile range 36.1--168.1], P=0.020). Our results indicate that pentraxin 3 seems to be a marker of infection better than C-reactive protein in dengue. The role of pentraxin 3 in the pathogenesis of dengue and its potential as an early prognostic indicator of disease severity needs further assessment. 相似文献
Cloud point temperatures (Tcp) and crystallization temperatures (Tl/s) were measured at different constant shear rates for the ternary system tetrahydronaphthalene/poly(ethylene oxide)/oligo(dimethyl siloxane‐b‐ethylene oxide) using a rheo‐optical device and in the case of Tl/s additionally a viscometer. This system enables for the first time a joint investigation of both transitions with a given mixture. Shear favors the homogeneous liquid state and the formation of crystals. Tcp (liquid/liquid demixing, UCST) shifts to lower and Tl/s (liquid/solid, segregation of PEO) to higher temperatures by several degrees as the shear rate, , is increased up to 500 s?1. The normalized shift in Tcp fits well into previous results for high molecular weight blends, oligomer mixtures, polymer solutions in single solvents and low molecular weight mixtures. A phase separated near critical blend was examined 1 K below its Tcp by means of a shear cell (Linkam) in the quiescent state and under shear with respect to its morphology. Upon an increase in one observes a transition from the co‐continuous structures existing in the quiescent state via deformed and oriented particles to string like morphologies. Finally, at sufficiently high shear rates the mixture becomes homogeneous and structures can no longer be seen under the microscope. The morphologies developing after the secession of shear are pointing to pronounced influences of the flow history of the system on the final structure of two phase blends.
Equilibrium phase diagram of the system THN/COP/PEO at the indicated temperatures as obtained from turbidimetric titration. The curve for 42 °C indicates the compositions under which the mixtures segregate the first solid PEO particles upon cooling. The curves for the higher temperatures denote the demixing of the homogeneous system into two liquid phases. 相似文献
We compare the effects on pup body weight and on maternal care of 4-hr separation from dam and littermates on postnatal Days 1 to 14 (early deprivation, ED) under different thermal and circadian conditions. ED was performed at either 21 degrees C (Cold), or 32 degrees C (Warm), and either during the light or dark phase. The comparison group was nonhandling (NH), either under a nonreversed (Light) or reversed (Dark) cycle. At weaning, Cold ED pups were of lower body weight than Warm ED pups, and Warm ED pups were of lower body weight than NH pups. Light and Dark ED pups received high care at reunion relative to NH, and Cold ED pups received higher care at several hours postreunion relative to Warm ED and NH pups. We propose that reduced pup weight and increased maternal care are short-term markers for the severity of Cold ED, and that this manipulation could therefore impact negatively on emotionality and cognition in adulthood. 相似文献
Effects of menstrual cycle phase on physiological levels and reactivity were studied in a withinsubject design with 20 women aged 18–30 years. Basal body temperature was monitored daily; follicular and luteal recording sessions occurred before and after the ovulatory temperature rise, respectively. The design consisted of task and rest periods, presented in counterbalanced order across phases. Half the subjects began during their follicular phase and half began during their luteal phase. Follicular and luteal phases were compared for differences between baseline resting levels, as well as for reactivity. The results showed menstrual phase differences in heart rate, pulse transit time, and EEG alpha, particularly during tasks, but no difference in reactivity. Habituation effects in the group that began during the follicular phase often masked luteal activation. In spite of the fact that not all statistical results achieved significance, the consistency of most trends supports the conclusion that physiological recording sessions with women might best be restricted to the follicular phase. 相似文献