Comparison of a new video-optical intubation stylet versus the conventional malleable stylet in simulated difficult tracheal intubation

Handling and efficacy of a new video-optical intubation stylet were assessed in a simulated difficult tracheal intubation setting and compared with a conventional malleable stylet. Forty-five anaesthetists performed 10 tracheal intubations using both techniques. Laryngoscopy was performed by the observer, who created a grade 3 view according the classification by Cormack and Lehane. The time taken to place the tracheal tube and the final tracheal tube positions were documented. Mean (SD) intubation time for the video-optical stylet was 20.4 (7.7) s and for the malleable stylet 10.2 (3.3) s (p<0.01). With the video-optical stylet the trachea was correctly intubated in all 225 attempts; with the malleable stylet 44 (19.6%) oesophageal and 44 (19.6%) endobronchial intubations occurred (p<0.01). The video-optical intubation stylet enabled us to recognise inappropriate tracheal tube positions and to correct them immediately. This equipment can be considered a reliable and effective tool for management of the difficult airway.     

A literature review of the prehospital use of neuromuscular blocking agents by air medical personnel to facilitate endotracheal intubation

Air medical personnel in the United States have used neuromuscular blocking agents to facilitate endotracheal intubation in the field for more than a decade. This literature review examines 15 studies to investigate their experience and explores the following specific areas: the intubation success rate in patients who did or did not receive these agents, the intubation success rate of air medical personnel before and after they incorporated these agents into their practice, the neuromuscular blocking agents and adjunct medications used by air medical personnel, and the disposition of patients who could not be intubated after an agent was given. The data suggest that, overall, air medical personnel use these agents safely and effectively. Suggestions are offered for future studies, including examining ground time when agents are used to facilitate intubation, complications of their use in this setting, and the use of simulators to train personnel in the administration of these medications.     

气管导管位置检测仪的研制

利用Hall传感器设计了一个气管导管位置检测仪来快速检测气管导管的位置.气管插管时,Hall传感器探头固定在病人颈部皮肤上,顶端带有小磁铁的管芯随气管导管一起进入气管中,根据检测到的磁场强度的大小,测量出探头与磁铁间的距离,从而判断出气管导管的位置.经临床测试,该检测仪性能可靠,测量准确,可以用于教学及临床气管插管时气管导管的定位.     

不同麻醉诱导下小儿气管插管时的心血管应激反应

目的用随机对照前瞻性研究方法,比较小儿气管插管时心血管反应,评价不同麻醉诱导方式对插管时应激反应的抑制作用.方法68例1～6岁的患儿被随机分成P、PF及PFI组,P组静脉注射硫喷妥钠5 mg/kg;PF组先静脉注射芬太尼3 μg/kg,再静脉注射硫喷妥钠5 mg/kg;PFI组先静脉注射芬太尼3μg/kg,再静脉注射硫喷妥钠5 mg/kg,同时吸入3%异氟醚.所有患儿由同一位医师进行气管插管,记录其麻醉前以及插管前后的心率和血压.结果插管后P组的心率和血压最高,不仅显著高于插管前,还显著高于基础值（P＜0.05）.PF组插管后的心率和血压虽然也高于插管前,但低于P组,而且与基础值比较没有显著性差异.PFI组插管后的血压仅略高于插管前,但比基础值低（P＜0.05）,在3组中最低（P＜0.05）,且升幅最小（P＜0.05）,其收缩压和舒张压的升幅分别为11%和26%.结论给患儿插管时联合应用硫喷妥钠、芬太尼和异氟醚,心血管反应最小,提示其可以较好地抑制插管所至的应激反应.     

光导纤维支气管镜经口和经鼻气管插管患儿心血管反应的比较

目的比较小儿光导纤维支气管镜(FOB)经口和经鼻气管插管的心血管反应。方法选择美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)身体状态分级为Ⅰ级、在全身麻醉下施择期整形外科手术的患儿65例,随机分为经口组(n=36)和经鼻组(n=29)。在常规静脉麻醉诱导后实施FOB气管插管。测定麻醉诱导前(基础值)、后,气管插管时和气管插管后5 min内(测定间隔为1 min)血压(BP)和心率(HR),记录气管插管时间。结果经鼻组气管插管时间显著长于经口组(P<0.05)。FOB气管插管导致两组BP和HR均比麻醉诱导前基础值显著升高(P均<0.05)。与经口组相比,气管插管致BP增高和HR增快反应在经鼻组较轻,持续时间较短。经口组气管插管时BP和HR及观察过程中BP和HR最大值均显著高于经鼻组(P均<0.05)。结论FOB经口和经鼻气管插管均可引起小儿BP和HR显著升高,但FOB经鼻气管插管时心血管反应较FOB经口气管插管时轻。     

大肠杆菌气管注入致急性肺损伤的实验研究

目的：建立气管注入细菌致兔急性肺损伤（ALI）模型,为研究细菌致ALI的致病机制及其治疗提供理论依据.方法：兔分为：细菌注入组（Ⅰ组）,生理盐水注入组（Ⅱ组）,正常对照组（Ⅲ组）.对比观察3组以下指标：血流动力学、呼吸力学、血气分析、支气管灌洗液中的细胞数、蛋白含量、肺组织湿重/干重比及病理检查.结果：Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组比较,上述指标,均有明显差异（P均＜0.05）.结论：通过直接气管注入细菌可建立ALI模型.     

美托洛尔和芬太尼对高血压病人气管插管致循环系统反应的作用

目的:考察美托洛尔和芬太尼对高血压病人气管插管致循环系统反应的作用。方法:选取4 0例需气管插管全麻手术的高血压病人,随机分成4组,每组1 0例。于麻醉诱导前各组分别静脉输液:A组用生理盐水(1 0mL) ;B组用美托洛尔4 0 μg kg 生理盐水(1 0mL) ;C组用芬太尼2 μg kg 生理盐水(1 0mL) ;D组用美托洛尔4 0 μg kg 芬太尼2 μg kg 生理盐水(1 0mL)。测定插管前后心率(HR)、收缩压(SAP)、舒张压(DAP) ,并计算心率收缩压乘积(RPP) ,于相应时间点采集动脉血标本测定血浆去钾肾上腺素(NA)和肾上腺素(Ad)的浓度。结果:气管插管后1和3分钟,A组病人的SAP、DAP、HR、RPP及血浆NA和Ad浓度均有显著升高(P <0 . 0 5 ) ,B组病人插管后血浆NA浓度明显大于C、D组(P <0 .0 5 ) ,D组病人SAP、DAP、HR及血浆NA和Ad浓度较基础值无明显差异(P >0 . 0 5 )。结论:行全麻手术的高血压病人气管插管时存在明显的循环系统应激反应,单独应用美托洛尔4 0 μg kg或单独应用芬太尼2 μg kg仅能部分抑制插管反应,二者联用则能更有效地抑制插管反应。     

Effect of pediatric advanced life support course on pediatric residents' intubation success

Background: The Pediatric Advanced Life Support Program (PALS) course very important for teaching about intubation, resuscitation, shock, trauma, respiratory failure and rhythm disturbances. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the PALS course on pediatric residents' intubation success during their rotation, daytime and night‐time practice in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: The study was carried out from 1 March 2005 to 28 February 2007. The study period had two parts, in that the number of attempts and successful intubations performed by pediatric residents, and the pediatric intensivist successful intubation ratio were evaluated in two different periods: before the PALS course, 1 March 2005–28 February 2006, and after the PALS course, 5 March 2006–28 February 2007. The participating residents' pediatric levels (PL) were classed as PL‐1, PL‐2, PL‐3, PL‐4, and all had first experience in the PICU at the PL‐1 level. The PALS instructor was a pediatric emergency or intensive care doctor. We evaluated whether the PALS course influenced intubation success or not. Results: Sixteen residents participated in the study. The proportion of successful intubations was 110 (53.3%) and 104 (65.4%) attempts before and after the PALS course, respectively. The proportion of intubations done by intensivists decreased from 49.1% to 31.7% before and after PALS. The most frequently used endotracheal tube (ETT) internal diameter (ID) was 4.0 mm, and cuffed ETT was used 16% and 21% before and after the course, respectively. Appropriate placing of ETT tip occurred 70.4% and 82.2% of the time before and after the PALS course, respectively. Proportion of successful intubations by residents increased in all levels, except for PL‐1. The most important reason for unsuccessful attempts was inappropriate patient position. Only one patient could not be intubated, and laryngeal mask airway was used in that case. During intubation, complications were broken teeth in two patients before the course, and subglottic stenosis developed in only one patient due to cuffed ETT. Conclusion: Successful intubation is a life‐saving intervention during resuscitation, ETT revision for extubation or obstruction for extubation or obstruction during mechanical ventilation. This skill can be developed in the PALS course and by clinical study in PICU and pediatric emergency services. The PALS course must be given to pediatric residents especially within the first year. Also, cuffed ETT can be used for infants and children.