Failed tracheal intubation during obstetric general anaesthesia: a literature review

We reviewed the literature on obstetric failed tracheal intubation from 1970 onwards. The incidence remained unchanged over the period at 2.6 (95% CI 2.0 to 3.2) per 1000 anaesthetics (1 in 390) for obstetric general anaesthesia and 2.3 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.9) per 1000 general anaesthetics (1 in 443) for caesarean section. Maternal mortality from failed intubation was 2.3 (95% CI 0.3 to 8.2) per 100 000 general anaesthetics for caesarean section (one death per 90 failed intubations). Maternal deaths occurred from aspiration or hypoxaemia secondary to airway obstruction or oesophageal intubation. There were 3.4 (95% CI 0.7 to 9.9) front-of-neck airway access procedures (surgical airway) per 100 000 general anaesthetics for caesarean section (one procedure per 60 failed intubations), usually carried out as a late rescue attempt with poor maternal outcomes. Before the late 1990s, most cases were awakened after failed intubation; since the late 1990s, general anaesthesia has been continued in the majority of cases. When general anaesthesia was continued, a laryngeal mask was usually used but with a trend towards use of a second-generation supraglottic airway device. A prospective study of obstetric general anaesthesia found that transient maternal hypoxaemia occurred in over two-thirds of cases of failed intubation, usually without sequelae. Pulmonary aspiration occurred in 8% but the rate of maternal intensive care unit admission after failed intubation was the same as that after uneventful general anaesthesia. Poor neonatal outcomes were often associated with preoperative fetal compromise, although failed intubation and lowest maternal oxygen saturation were independent predictors of neonatal intensive care unit admission.     

Video laryngoscopy improves the first-attempt success in endotracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation among novice physicians

AimTo compare the first-attempt success in endotracheal intubation (ETI) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) using direct laryngoscopy (DL) and video laryngoscopy (VL) (GlideScope^®) among novice emergency physicians (EPs).MethodsThis study is a historically controlled clinical design. From May 2011 to April 2013 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients were intubated during CPR by novice EPs. CPR data was automatically recorded by pre-installed video and subsequently analysed. The primary outcome was the success rate of the first-attempt at ETI. In addition, time to successful ETI from first-attempt (T-complete), duration of chest compression interruptions, and incidence of oesophageal intubation were compared.ResultsOf 305 patients undergoing ETI, 83 were intubated by novice EPs. The success rate of first-attempt ETI in the VL group (n = 49) was higher than that in the DL group (n = 34, 91.8% vs. 55.9%; p < 0.001). The median T-complete was significantly shorter with VL than with DL (37 [29–55] vs. 62 [56–110] s; p < 0.001). Oesophageal intubation was observed only in the DL group (n = 6, 17.6%). The median duration of chest compression interruptions was greater with DL (7 [3–6] s) than with VL (0 [0–0] s). Improvements in ETI during CPR were observed in the VL group after the first 3 months, but not the DL group during regular use for 1 year.ConclusionsFor novice EPs, the VL could significantly improve the first-attempt success in ETI during CPR while the DL couldn’t improve it.     

舒芬太尼用于高龄患者全麻诱导气管插管的临床研究

目的：观察舒芬太尼用于高龄患者全麻诱导气管插管的临床效果。方法选择ASAⅡ～Ⅲ级,需在气管插管全身麻醉下行四肢手术的高龄（年龄≥80岁）患者45例,随机分三组：舒芬太尼0.15μg/kg 组（ S1组）、舒芬太尼0.25μg/kg组（S2组）及芬太尼2μg/kg组（F组）,每组15例。所有患者均分别记录基础值（T0）、插管前1 min（T1）、插管后1 min（T2）和插管后5 min（T3）的收缩压（SP）、舒张压（DP）和心率（HR）,并计算各时间点 SP 与 HR 的乘积（ RPP）;记录不良反应的发生及药物使用情况。结果三组T1时间点BP和T3时间点SP、S2组T2时间点SP和F组T3时间点DP均显著低于同组T0时间点（P均<0.01）,F组T2时间点DP显著高于同组T0时间点（P<0.05）和S2组同时间点（ P<0.05）,S1组和S2组T1时间点SP、S2组T2时间点BP均显著低于F组同时间点（ P<0.01或0.05）。S1组和F组T2时间点HR均显著大于同组T0时间点（ P均<0.01）和S2组同时间点（ P<0.05）。三组T1、T3时间点RPP均显著小于同组T0时间点（ P<0.01或0.05）。F组T2时间点RPP显著大于同组T0时间点（ P<0.05）和S2组同时间点（P<0.05）。S2组声带活动发生率、丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼使用率小于S1组,罗库溴铵、新福林使用率均显著小于S1组和F组（P<0.05）。结论舒芬太尼0.25μg/kg用于高龄患者全麻诱导,不仅能抑制插管反应,减少不良反应,而且能保持插管前后心血管功能稳定和心肌氧供需平稳,安全可行。     

光棒联合新型喉罩与纤维支气管镜气管插管临床效果比较

目的：比较光棒联合新型喉罩气管插管与纤维支气管镜气管插管的临床效果。方法选择100例接受光棒联合新型喉罩气管插管全身麻醉的患者100例为观察组,同期接受纤维支气管镜气管插管患者100例为对照组。观察两组不同等级气道插管情况（ Mallampati分级Ⅰ～Ⅳ级）及置管成功前后血流动力学变化,包括平均动脉压、血氧饱和度、心率、呼气末二氧化碳分压。比较两组插管时间及并发症发生情况。结果观察组Ⅳ级气道插管成功率为80.0％,显著高于对照组的36.4％,气管插管时间短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。气管插管置入后,观察组平均动脉压、心率、咽喉疼痛及口腔损伤的比例均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。两组血氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压比较差异均无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。结论光棒联合新型喉罩气管插管成功率高,对血流动力学影响小,并发症少,值得临床推广应用。     

“J”状塑型双腔气管导管插管操作对成功率及术后声音嘶哑、咽喉痛的影响

目的 观察双腔气管导管(double-lumen endotracheal tube,DLT)塑型对插管成功率及术后声音嘶哑(声嘶)、咽喉痛的影响,从而为寻求更好的DLT塑型插管提供依据. 方法 择期全身麻醉下行胸科手术患者160例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,参照随机数字表法分成DLT插管塑型组和非塑型组(每组80例),两组根据左右DLT插管各分为两组(A、B、C、D组,每组40例),又根据性别再各分为两个亚组(A1、A2、B1、B2、C1、C2、D1、D2组,每组20例).两组均采用经口明视气管插管,塑型组采用塑成“J”状的DLT进行插管,非塑型组采用未经塑型保留原有弯度的DLT进行插管.观察DLT插管时间、插管尝试次数及插反情况,患者术后声嘶、咽喉痛发生率及严重程度. 结果 塑型组插管时间[(154±6)s]明显短于非塑型组[(185±13)s](P＜0.05);塑型组插管尝试次数[(1.4±0.4)次]明显少于非塑型组[(1.7±0.8)次](P＜0.05);塑型组插反情况(3次)明显比非塑型组少(11次)(P＜0.05),且与性别无关,但左DLT比右DLT易于插反(P＜0.05).患者术后声嘶发生率塑型组(15/80)明显低于非塑型组(33/80)(P＜0.05);患者术后咽喉痛发生率塑型组(15/80)明显低于非塑型组(31/80) (P＜0.05),且与性别有关,女性较男性术后易发生声嘶、咽喉痛. 结论 “J”状DLT塑型插管成功率高、刺激小,可降低患者术后声嘶、咽喉痛发生率,具有一定的临床推广意义.