Postoperative pain management—clinical practice is still not optimal

Major progress in clinical pain assessment and management has been achieved in the last decade. More effective analgesic drugs and improved techniques for pain management have been introduced. However, medical reports published during the last few years on postoperative pain management (POPM) indicate that moderate or even severe pain is still rather commonly experienced by surgical patients in the early postoperative period and that worst-pain-episodes may occur even in the late postoperative phase. Insufficient relief of postoperative pain seems a more common problem on surgical wards than on a postanaesthesia care unit (PACU). The aims of POPM are to inhibit autonomic trauma-induced nociceptive impulses that may result in functional disturbances of vital organs and thereby affect the incidence of potentially severe complications influencing clinical outcome. Considering that recent studies continue to show sub-optimal pain management despite the availability of effective drugs and analgesic techniques it must be considered essential to identify possible barriers to effective pain management in clinical practice so that necessary improvements in POPM routines can be carried out.     

瑞格列奈与迪沙片治疗新诊断2型糖尿病的疗效对比观察

比较对新诊断2型糖尿病患者应用瑞格列奈（11例）和迪沙片（10例）治疗4周后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、晨3点血糖（3aPG）,空腹胰岛素（FIns）、餐后2h胰岛素（2hIns）,糖化白蛋白的值。结果显示,与迪沙片组相比,瑞格列奈组治疗后空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖的下降幅度更为明显,但低血糖的发生次数反而减少。     

Osteotomy of the tibial tubercle in complex primary total knee replacement

Objective  Stiffness and severe deformity pose a major challenge in total knee arthroplasty. Numerous techniques have been described to gain exposure and improve knee flexion. Tibial tubercle osteotomy provides excellent and safe exposure of the joint, although mechanical and wound complications have been reported. Materials and methods  We present a series of 32 consecutive complex primary total replacements where an osteotomy of the tibial tubercle was utilised. Results  The patients had a mean follow-up of 2 years and 11 months. Following the procedure, with the exception of one case complicated with deep infection, all of the patients had improved clinically. The mean postoperative range of motion had increased to 102° (give P value < 0.005) and there were no cases of delayed union or non-union. A mechanical complication related to technique occurred in one patient; there were no other cases with a postoperative extension lag. Conclusion  In this challenging population group, we have found a tibial tubercle tuberosity osteotomy to greatly facilitate exposure without compromising the clinical and radiographic outcome.     

Flavocoxid is as effective as naproxen for managing the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee in humans: a short-term randomized,double-blind pilot study

Flavocoxid (Limbrel), a proprietary mixture of flavonoid molecules (baicalin and catechin), was tested against a traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen, for the management of the signs and symptoms of moderate osteoarthritis (OA) in humans. Discomfort and global disease activity were used as the primary end points, and safety assessments were also taken for both treatments as a secondary endpoint. In this double-blind study, 103 subjects were randomly assigned to receive either flavocoxid [500 mg twice daily (BID)] or naproxen (500 mg BID) in a 1-month onset of action trial. Outcome measures included the short Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index, subject Visual Analogue Scale for discomfort and global response, and investigator Visual Analogue Scale for global response and fecal occult blood. Both flavocoxid and naproxen showed significant reduction in the signs and symptoms of knee OA (P ≤ .001). There were no statistically detectable differences between the flavocoxid and naproxen groups with respect to any of the outcome variables. Similarly, there were no statistically detectable differences between the groups with respect to any adverse event, although there was a trend toward a higher incidence of edema and nonspecific musculoskeletal discomfort in the naproxen group. In this short-term pilot study, flavocoxid was as effective as naproxen in controlling the signs and symptoms of OA of the knee and would present a safe and effective option for those individuals on traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. A low incidence of adverse events was reported for both groups.     

"插入式"输尿管肠管吻合在原位肠道膀胱替代术中的应用

目的 探讨"插入式"输尿管肠管吻合在原位肠道膀胱替代术中的手术效果和临床疗效.方法 对38例原位肠道膀胱替代术中75侧行"插入式"输尿管肠管吻合术患者进行随访,通过影像学、膀胱尿道镜、病理学、实验室检查等观察临床疗效.结果 术后平均随访(31.65±14.14)个月,吻合口狭窄率4%(3/75);抗返流率100%;无吻合口漏;膀胱尿道镜下,输尿管种植部位形成乳头,钳取7例患者乳头表面小块上皮组织作病理检查,其中乳头基底部2例为肠黏膜上皮,乳头尖端5例为移行上皮;所有患者复查肾功能均在正常范围,血Cr 54-135 μmol/L,BUN 3.2～9.4 mmol/L.结论 "插入式"输尿管肠管吻合术是一种较理想的输尿管肠管抗返流吻合术式.     

Le Fort型骨折的CT表现和分型

目的探讨Le Fort型骨折的CT表现及其分型。方法对62例Le Fort型骨折患者进行薄层螺旋CT扫描和三维重组分析。结果在62例中，Le FortⅠ型10例，Ⅱ型9例，Ⅲ型8例，复合型35例（其中Ⅰ＋Ⅱ型18例，I＋Ⅱ＋Ⅲ型7例，Ⅱ＋Ⅲ型10例）；55例同时伴发颌面部其他骨折。Le Fort型骨折在二维CT上表现为颌面部多发且杂乱的骨折，虽然在发现细小和深部结构的骨折方面优于三维CT成像，但难以作出Le Fort型骨折的诊断；三维CT成像能清晰立体地显示Le Fort型骨折的整体形状及走向，并可明确作出分型。结论三维CT成像是Le Fort型骨折最有效的诊断方法，对临床制定治疗方案具有指导意义，但是对细小骨折诊断不如二维CT。     

旋前旋后外旋型三踝骨折的手术治疗

目的：探讨旋前、旋后外旋型（IV度）三踝骨折的手术方法和临床疗效。方法：2000年3月至2006年7月,对42例旋前、旋后外旋型（IV度）三踝骨折行切开复位内固定术,男31例,女11例;年龄19～76岁,平均40.5岁。开放性损伤4例,闭和性损伤38例。根据Lauge-Hansen分类,旋前外旋型IV度三踝骨折18例,旋后外旋型IV度三踝骨折24例。受伤距手术时间2h～27d。内、外踝均采用标准内、外侧切口。如需行后踝骨折处理,则将内踝切口延长,同时显露内、外及后踝。整复固定的顺序是后踝、内踝、外踝和下胫腓联合。骨折复位固定完成后,行踝部正侧位及踝穴（Mortise）位X线检查。结果：全部患者均获得随访,时间6～24个月,平均13.5个月。骨折愈合时间12～16周,疗效根据梁军等改良Baird-Jackson的主客观及X线评价标准进行评定,包括疼痛、踝关节的稳定性、行走能力、跑步能力、踝关节活动范围、踝关节X线测量等。本组优20例,良16例,可4例,差2例,优良率85.7%。术后未发生感染、骨不连、骨折畸形愈合等并发症,但发生1例下胫腓骨三皮质固定螺钉断裂。结论：手术治疗的关键在于恢复并稳定踝关节的解剖关系,最大限度恢复踝关节功能。     

髋臼骨折合并同侧下肢骨折临床治疗分析

目的：探讨髋臼骨折合并同侧下肢骨折的创伤机制和治疗方法。方法：髋臼骨折并同侧下肢骨折14例,男9例,女5例;年龄18～65岁,平均35岁。髋臼骨折按Letournel分型,后壁伴后柱骨折11例,单纯后柱骨折3例,均行钢板内固定。伴同侧股骨转子间骨折3例,1例行起重机架外固定,2例行DHS固定;伴同侧股骨颈骨折3例,均行空心钉加压固定;伴同侧股骨干骨折6例,1例行钢板固定,余5例行带锁髓内钉固定;伴同侧胫骨平台骨折2例,行钢板内固定。结果：1例半年后死亡,余13例获得随访,随访时间18个月～5年,平均30个月。按照美国矫形外科研究院髋关节疗效评定标准,优9例,良3例,差1例。结论：髋臼骨折合并同侧下肢骨折受伤暴力大、机制复杂、合并创伤多、易漏诊,应早期明确诊断,合理内固定。     

CT、MRI对肾上腺病变的诊断分析

目的:分析探讨CT、MRI诊断对肾上腺病变的作用与价值。方法:MarconiMX8000 4层螺旋CT机,增强造影剂使用非离子型制剂,常规扫描及增强。应用西门子MAGNETOM1.5T磁共振机,增强造影剂使用Gd-DTPA制剂,常规T1WI、T2WI、脂肪抑制、化学位移同反相位及增强。对25例经手术及病理资料诊断证实的肾上腺病变进行CT、MRI诊断回顾性分析。结果:可清楚显示肾上腺病变的侧别、数目、大小、范围及可能的性质。结论:CT是肾上腺病变最佳影像检查方法,MRI具有重要辅助及补充诊断价值。     

MR显微成像检测活体阿尔茨海默病转基因小鼠老年斑沉积的效果

目的利用MR显微成像技术研究阿尔茨海默病转基因小鼠老年斑的沉积情况。方法2只17个月龄阿尔茨海默病转基因[V717I]小鼠和2只野生型小鼠，行活体T2WI，然后对照影像定位结果进行组织学切片及免疫组织化学染色。观察T2WI中老年斑的沉积情况以及其与免疫组织化学染色结果的对应关系。结果转基因小鼠T2WI上显示大脑皮层和海马区可见点状低信号，且部分低信号可以和组织学切片所显示的老年斑相对应；野生型小鼠T2WI未见明显的低信号，免疫组织化学染色也未见到染色阳性的斑块。结论MR显微成像技术检测老年斑的沉积是可行的，且可用来特异性地诊断阿尔茨海默病。