南阳市1999～2001年新生儿破伤风疫情监测

目的 对南阳市3年的新生儿破伤风疫情监测结果进行分析，掌握该市新生儿破伤风发病概况，有针对地制订防治对策。方法 对3年的监测资料进行分析评价。结果 1999—2001年3年的发病率分别为0．09‰、0．07‰、0．04‰，发病县3年的年发病率均小于1‰。结论 开展各种形式的宣传活动，提倡住院分娩，推广消毒接生，对育龄妇女进行破伤风类毒素接种，从而有效降低其发病率。     

A study of infant feeding practices in an urban Indian community

Thirty mothers, attending either a paediatric clinic at a Government hospital or a private paediatrician's surgery, both in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, South East India, were questioned about their infant feeding practices. A sample of milk from their child's bottle was requested and subsequently analysed for the presence of dilution. Over-dilution, defined as less than 75% of the standard concentration, was found to be common (P<.05). No significant correlations were found between the incidence of over-dilution and either family income or educational status of the mothers due to the small sample size. The study suggests the need for practical education on the reconstitution of milk feeds.     

新生儿重组酵母乙肝疫苗接种免疫的研究

目的：探讨重组酵母乙肝疫苗新生儿接种后抗体应答持续时间，强化复种的必要性。方法：常规对新生儿0d(出生后当天)、1月、6月接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗后检测抗体应答情况，再随机分两组，一组为强化组，一组为常规组，并随访其5年的抗体应答情况。结果：新生儿常规接种法，于12个月后有一明显抗体应答下降期(0d、1月、6月、12月)，强化组乙肝表面抗体形成率高，持续时间均高于常规接种法。结论：新生儿乙肝疫苗0d、1月、6月、12月接种法有较好的远期保护效果，对现有的0d、1月、6月新生儿乙肝疫苗常规接种法，有强化接种的必要。     

Neurotrophin-like immunoreactivity in the human pre-term newborn, infant, and adult cerebellum

The immunohistochemical occurrence of the neurotrophin (NT) proteins nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is shown in the pre-term newborn, infant, and adult human post-mortem cerebellum. The NT-like immunoreactive structures were unevenly distributed and showed regional differences among cerebellar lobules and folia. NGF-, NT-4-, and NT-3-positive neuronal perikarya were observed in all specimens examined. At variance with the other neurotrophins, the BDNF antiserum labelled neuronal cell bodies only in newborn life and infancy, as well as extensive nerve fibre systems, whose density increased with age. The NT-antibodies, tested by Western blot on human cerebellum homogenates, revealed immunoreactive bands corresponding to proteins of heterogenous molecular weight. The results obtained provide a first demonstration of the tissue localization of the NTs in the human cerebellum from perinatal to adult age, thus suggesting their involvement in the development, differentiation and maintenance of the cerebellar connectivity. Codistribution of the four NTs or sets of them was observed in cortical and deep nuclei neurons. Multiple trophic roles for NTs, encompassing the classic target-derived and local mechanisms of support, are envisaged as significant in development, differentiation, and maintenance of the human cerebellar connectivity.     

安桃乐气体吸入在分娩镇痛中对母婴影响的观察分析

目的:探讨安桃乐(ENTONOX)气体吸入对分娩镇痛及母婴结局的影响。方法:将181名无产科或内科合并症的住院产妇随机分成两组,一组由家属全程陪护,另一组由家属全程陪护+安桃乐气体吸入,观察两组产妇的镇痛效果、产程进展、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分情况、产后出血量。结果:ENTONOX吸入对分娩镇痛有效率达98.2％,显效率达80.7％,对产程进展有促进作用,对分娩方式、围产儿结局、产后出血量无显著性差异。结论:ENTONOX吸入镇痛是一种安全、有效的辅助分娩技术,作用迅速、费用低廉,是产妇乐意接受的镇痛方法。     

妊娠期低水平铅暴露对新生儿钙磷代谢及造血系统的影响

目的 :研究妊娠期低水平铅暴露对新生儿钙磷代谢及造血系统的影响。 方法 :分别测定 79例汉族及5 9例维吾尔族 (维族 )母亲及新生儿脐血铅、钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶、血红蛋白、红细胞游离原卟啉的含量 ,分析脐血铅对新生儿钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶及血红蛋白、红细胞游离原卟啉的影响。 结果 :(1)汉族产妇血铅 6 3 87μg/L ,新生儿脐血铅 4 7.71μg/L ,维族产妇血铅 87 92 μg/L ,新生儿脐血铅 6 1.5 7μg/L ,维族产妇及新生儿脐血铅均高于汉族产妇及新生儿脐血铅含量 (P <0 .0 5 ～ 0 .0 1) 。 (2 )以脐血铅 10 0 μg/L为界将新生儿分为高铅组和低铅组 ,两组血钙相比差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,而两组血红蛋白及红细胞游离原卟啉相比差异均无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。 结论 :妊娠期低水平铅暴露可致新生儿血钙下降 ,但对新生儿血红蛋白及红细胞游离原卟啉则无影响     

Predictors of Maternal Responsiveness

PURPOSE: To explore maternal responsiveness in the first 2 to 4 months after delivery and to evaluate potential predictors of maternal responsiveness, including infant feeding, maternal characteristics, and demographic factors such as age, socioeconomic status, and educational level. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was used to assess the variables of maternal responsiveness, feeding patterns, and maternal characteristics in a convenience sample of 177 mothers in the first 2 to 4 months after delivery. The 60-item self-report instrument included scales to measure maternal responsiveness, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life as well as infant feeding questions and sociodemographic items. An online data-collection strategy was used, resulting in participants from 41 U.S. states. FINDINGS: Multiple regression analysis showed that satisfaction with life, self-esteem, and number of children, but not breastfeeding, explained a significant portion of the variance in self-reported maternal responsiveness scores. In this analysis, sociodemographic variables such as age, education, income, and work status showed little or no relationship to maternal responsiveness scores. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides additional information about patterns of maternal behavior in the transition to motherhood and some of the variables that influence that transition. Satisfaction with life was a new predictor of maternal responsiveness. However, with only 15% of the variance explained by the predictors in this study, a large portion of the variance in maternal responsiveness remains unexplained. Further research in this area is needed.     

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene expression in the human brain: A post mortem in situ hybridization study with special reference to Parkinson's disease

Summary Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons. Since dopaminergic neurons degenerate in Parkinson's disease, this factor is a potential therapeutical tool that may save dopaminergic neurons during the pathological process. Moreover, a reduced GDNF expression may be involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. In this study, we tested whether altered GDNF production may participate in the mechanism of cell death in this disease. GDNF gene expression was analyzed by in situ hybridization using riboprobes corresponding to a sequence of the exon 2 human GDNF gene. Experiments were performed on tissue sections of the mesencephalon and the striatum from 8 patients with Parkinson's disease and 6 control subjects matched for age at death and for post mortem delay. No labelling was observed in either group of patients. This absence of detectable expression could not be attributed to methodological problems as a positive staining was observed using the same probes for sections of astroglioma biopsies from human adults and for sections of a newborn infant brain obtained at post-mortem. These data suggest that GDNF is probably expressed at a very low level in the adult human brain and its involvement in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease remains to be demonstrated. GDNF may represent a powerful new therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease, however.     

极低出生体重儿转运过程中的护理

目的探讨极低出生儿体重儿转运过程中的有效护理措施，降低其死亡率。方法通过转运系统将基层医院32例极低出生体重儿转运至新生儿重症监护病房治疗，具体措施包括现场抢救，应用肺泡表面活性物质，途中连续监护和治疗。结果极低出生体重儿32例均成功转运，治愈出院13例，死亡19例，无一例途中死亡。结论全程监护，尽早转运及应用固尔苏是转运成功及降低极低出生体重儿死亡率的关键。     

Deleterious effects of the prone position in the full-term infant throughout the first year of life

Summary Seventy-one first-born infants who had been nursed in prone position since birth, were referred for motor assessment at 3 months, 5 months and 9 months. All infants were administered the same checklist of motor items, based on the Amiel-Tison Infant Neurological Evaluation and on the Brunet-Lézine Developmental Psychomotor Scale. Abnormalities in muscular shortening and delay in motor skills were found. These findings are critical as regards environmental influences on postural development, continuities in motor development and issues of early primary prevention. Early identification and follow-up programmes, including frequent changes in posture, are suggested in order to avoid abnormalities of motor behaviour and subsequently in postural patterns.