系统护理对头颈癌患者放疗所致口腔黏膜炎预防效果的Meta分析

【摘要】 目的 探究系统护理干预对头颈癌患者放射性口腔黏膜炎的预防效果。方法 计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、中文科技期刊全文数据库、万方数字化期刊全文数据库与PubMed,并通过其他资源补充检索,检索时间均从建库~2017年12月4日。由2名评价员根据纳入与排除标准对文献筛选、资料提取和严格质量评价后,采用RevMan53软件进行Meta分析。结果 最终纳入7项随机对照试验,共计827名患者。Meta分析结果显示,系统护理组口腔黏膜炎的发生情况主要以Ⅰ、Ⅱ级为主,Ⅲ级较少,Ⅳ级全无;而常规护理组则以Ⅱ、Ⅲ级为主,Ⅰ、Ⅳ级较少,但均有发生。结论 系统护理干预后能使放射性口腔黏膜炎的严重程度减轻,预防重型放射性口腔黏膜炎的发生。     

老年同侧股骨粗隆间并股骨颈骨折的手术策略

目的探讨老年同侧股骨粗隆间并股骨颈骨折的手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析自2010-02—2015-02诊治的24例老年同侧股骨粗隆间并股骨颈骨折的临床资料,其中18例采用股骨粗隆部重建、人工股骨头置换术,5例采用股骨近端锁定接骨板内固定,1例股骨粗隆间骨折Evans-JensenⅡ型患者采用LISS及空心钉内固定。结果 18例人工股骨头置换术后患者获得1年随访,均未见假体脱位、松动等并发症。6例采用股骨锁定接骨板的患者获得平均14.2(8~16)个月随访。术后1例出现股骨颈骨折不愈合,并出现股骨头变扁,髋关节间隙变窄等情况,予以拆除内固定物后,改行全髋关节置换术。其余5例应用内固定患者均达到骨折愈合,内固定物无松脱、断裂。结论人工股骨头置换术和股骨锁定接骨板治疗老年同侧股骨粗隆间合并股骨颈骨折,疗效确切、满意,可根据患者年龄及骨折类型灵活应用上述手术方法 。     

空心钉直径与股骨颈骨折愈合的相关性研究

目的分析选用直径8 mm的史塞克空心钉内固定治疗不同股骨头颈部直径的股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2008-06—2013-06采用直径8 mm空心钉内固定治疗69例股骨颈骨折,根据股骨颈头颈部直径分为观察组(30~40 mm)和对照组(40~50 mm)。结果观察组股骨颈头颈部直径大于对照组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=6.383,P=0.015)。2组骨折均愈合,骨折愈合时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组优良率94.8%,对照组优良率93.3%,2组优良率比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.355,P=0.552)。结论本研究结果显示,排除患者自身因素,以8 mm空心钉内固定治疗不同股骨颈头颈部直径的股骨颈骨折时并不会影响骨折愈合率及愈合的时间。该研究结果可能有助于节省治疗费用,同时也表明手术中试图获得空心钉与股骨颈宽度的"良好匹配"并不一定会带来良好的临床疗效。     

骨水泥与生物型股骨假体治疗老年股骨颈骨折的临床疗效比较

目的:研究比较骨水泥型与生物型股骨假体治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折的早期固定效果和患者死亡率,探讨人工髋关节置换术中有关假体选择的问题。方法:2012年1月至2014年12月,采用人工髋关节置换术治疗130例(130髋)老年骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折患者。根据假体固定类型分两组:骨水泥组72例,男26例,女46例,平均年龄(82.0±6.5)岁,GardenⅢ型32例,Ⅳ型40例,受伤至手术时间(5.5±3.3)d;生物型组58例,男19例,女39例,平均年龄(80.1±6.7)岁,GardenⅢ型21例,Ⅳ型37例,受伤至手术时间(5.4±2.1)d。所有患者出现患侧髋部肿胀、压痛、下肢轴向叩击痛及关节活动障碍。入院后进行ASA等级评价、心功能评估、手术治疗以及有效的术后随访。观察比较两组手术持续时间、术中出血量、住院时间、并发症发生率、死亡率、残余疼痛(VAS评分)和髋关节功能(Harris评分)。结果:生物型组比骨水泥组手术持续时间短、术中出血量少(P0.05)。围手术期骨水泥组2例(2.7%)患者死亡,而生物型组无患者死亡。128例患者术后均获得随访,随访时间平均22个月。骨水泥组随访期间比生物型组的并发症发生率和VAS评分低(P0.05),Harris评分高(P0.05);两组患者随访期间死亡率没有明显差异(P0.05)。结论:采用骨水泥型假体治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折的早期固定效果比生物型假体较好。术前ASA等级高或心肺功能较差的患者,可酌情选择生物型假体以降低围手术期患者死亡率。     

头颈部肿瘤患者放疗期间口腔健康行为的纵向调查

目的了解头颈部肿瘤患者放疗期间的口腔健康行为,为改进临床实践提供依据。方法使用自制的口腔健康行为问卷,对104例头颈部肿瘤患者在放疗第1周(入院时)、第2周、第4周、出院时进行调查;并每周检测患者是否发生口腔黏膜炎。结果至放疗第5周,所有患者均发生口腔黏膜炎;患者口腔健康行为除"使用牙线"不同时间点比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)外,其余6项口腔健康行为放疗期间均有所改善(P0.05,P0.01);年龄对治疗期间口腔健康行为有影响(P0.05),性别及学历对入院时的口腔健康行为影响有统计学意义(均P0.05),之后影响无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论头颈部肿瘤患者放疗期间口腔黏膜炎发生率高;口腔健康行为(除使用牙线外)在入院后有所改善。医护人员需关注头颈部肿瘤放疗患者的口腔健康行为,尤其是对年长者;制定基于循证证据的口腔照护策略,以改善患者的口腔健康行为。     

单根弹性髓内针治疗跖骨颈骨折

正2012年1月~2014年12月,我们采用单根钛制弹性髓内针治疗10例跖骨颈骨折患者,取得良好疗效,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组10例,男7例,女3例,年龄18~52岁。左足6例,右足4例。均为第2~4跖骨颈闭合骨折,简单骨折7例,粉碎性骨折3例;单发跖骨颈骨折2例,多段跖骨颈骨折8例。受伤至手术时间2~7 d。     

全髋关节置换与内固定治疗股骨颈骨折临床疗效分析

目的 对内固定术和全髋关节置换术治疗不同年龄段的新鲜股骨颈骨折进行临床回顾性对比研究.方法 31例行全髋关节置换病例为A组,35例行内固定治疗病例为B组.再将两组患者分别以65岁为界限分为两个亚组,65及65岁以上为A1（22例）和B1（6例）,65岁以下者为A2（9例）和B2（29例）.对其手术及术后功能恢复情况进行跟踪随访,术后平均随访时间3.8年.随访内容包括：受伤至手术时间、并发症、扶双拐下地活动时间及功能评价.进行临床及影像学分析,并同国内外其他作者的报告进行对比.结果 66例患者术后Harris评分优良率占59%.31例全髋关节置换术后优良率占71%（22例）,其中27例无病废患者平均Harris评分90.4分;35例内固定术后优良率49%（17例）,其中20例无病废患者平均Harris评分91.6分.15例严重病废患者中股骨头坏死7例（占20%）,骨折不愈合6例（占17.1%）,因其他原因导致失败2例（5.7%）.其中股骨头坏死患者发生在65岁以下组（24～58岁）,占B2组21.7%,而B1组仅1例发生股骨头坏死;不愈合率B1组为33.3%（2例）、B2组为13.8%（4例）.结论 ①全髋关节置换是一种有效的治疗方法,但要严格掌握假体置换的适应证,且应规范手术操作,不宜简单仅根据患者的骨折类型和年龄来划分,对于65岁以上股骨颈骨折患者,同样可以首选中空拉力螺钉内固定.②内固定术应遵循：急诊手术（8 h以内）、解剖复位、坚强固定、尽量保护血运的原则进行.     

Oncologic effectiveness of selective neck dissection in the N0 irradiated neck

BACKGROUND: The incidence and patterns of nodal spread in previously irradiated N0 necks are not well defined. Therefore, the safety and efficacy of selective neck dissection (SND) in this patient population is not well established. In a previous report from our institution, SND in irradiated patients with recurrent disease at the primary site but clinically negative necks resulted in excellent tumor control in the neck. The objective of this study is to validate our initial observations in a larger sample of patients with longer follow-up. METHODS: A retrospective chart analysis of patients previously treated with primary radiation therapy or chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck between January 1997 and June 2003 was performed. Patients with recurrent or persistent disease at the primary site or a second primary head and neck SCC, with no clinical or radiologic disease in the neck, who underwent surgical salvage with resection of the primary site along with a site-specific SND were analyzed. Patients who remained disease free at the primary site were analyzed for regional control after SND. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients underwent a total of 96 site-specific SNDs. The mean age was 64.1 years (range, 39-91 years). There was histologically positive nodal disease in 17 of 69 patients (25%), and 22 of 96 necks (23%). Fifty-three patients had at least a 12-month follow-up. The mean follow-up was 23.3 months (range, 1-96 months). Of the patients with 1-year of follow-up, six patients died from recurrence at the primary site, and nine died from distant metastasis. There were no cases of neck recurrence with the primary site controlled. All patients who had more than two positive nodes had recurrence either at the primary site or distant metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that the patterns of lymphatic spread are not affected by radiation. We conclude that SND is oncologically safe in the management of the N0 irradiated neck and that the finding of more than two positive nodes predicts a poor outcome.     

Outcome of treatment for advanced cervical metastatic squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Patients with advanced cervical metastases from mucosal squamous cell carcinoma have a poor prognosis because of their high risk of regional and distal failure. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of patients with clinical N2 or N3 disease managed with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. METHODS: From a comprehensive computerized database, 181 entered patients who had neck dissection for N2 or N3 disease between 1988 and 1999 were evaluated. The mean age was 62 years, and minimum follow-up was 3 years. RESULTS: A total of 233 neck dissections were performed in 181 patients, including 163 comprehensive and 70 selective dissections. Postoperative radiotherapy was given in 82% of cases. The local control rate was 75% at 5 years, and control of disease in the treated neck was achieved in 86%. Macroscopic extracapsular spread (ECS) significantly increased regional recurrence (p = .001). Adjuvant radiotherapy significantly improved neck control (p = .004) but did not alter survival. Patients with ECS (both microscopic and macroscopic) who received radiotherapy had a significantly better survival than did patients with ECS who did not receive radiotherapy. Disease-specific survival for the entire group was 39% at 5 years. By use of multivariate analysis, macroscopic ECS and N2c neck disease were independent adverse prognostic factors for survival (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a high rate of control in the treated neck, the poor survival (39%) in this patient group indicates that adjuvant therapeutic strategies need to be considered.     

Histopathologic validation of the sentinel node concept in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: In patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the presence of lymph node metastases is the most important prognosticator. Sentinel node (SN) biopsy has been shown to be an accurate staging technique for patients with breast cancer and melanoma and might also be suited for patients with HNSCC. This study was undertaken to determine whether the SN concept holds true for HNSCC and could be exploited for SN biopsy. METHODS: In 22 patients with T2 to T4 N0 oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) who were scheduled to undergo combined primary tumor excision and elective unilateral (n = 17) or bilateral (n = 5) neck dissection, SN identification was performed the day before surgery by use of lymphoscintigraphy after peritumoral injections of 99mTc-labeled colloidal albumin. After the neck dissection specimens were removed, all SNs, all other radioactive lymph nodes, and all nonradioactive lymph nodes were retrieved for histopathologic analysis, including serial sectioning at 250-microm intervals and immunohistochemical analysis (IHC). RESULTS: Overall, in 21 (78%) of 27 neck sides, an SN was identified by scintigraphy. Of the six neck sides in which SNs were not identified by scintigraphy, four were from three patients who underwent bilateral neck dissection. In another patient treated by bilateral neck dissection, the SN identified by scintigraphy could not be found in the specimen. In the remaining 20 neck dissection specimens, 23 SNs and 30 additional radioactive lymph nodes could be found. At histologic examination of the 20 neck specimens in which the SN was found, at least one SN was tumor positive in eight cases. In one neck specimen, a metastasis was detected in a nonradioactive lymph node, whereas the SN was tumor free, also at serial sectioning and IHC. In the remaining 11 neck sides in which the SN was tumor negative, none of the other radioactive (n = 13) and none of the nonradioactive (n = 279) lymph nodes contained tumor at histopathologic analysis, including serial sectioning and IHC. The sensitivity of the SN procedure for predicting lymph node metastases, therefore, was 89% (eight of nine neck specimens) when an SN was identified by scintigraphy and found in the specimen. The overall accuracy of the SN procedure for predicting the presence or absence of lymph node metastases in the neck was 95% (19 of 20 neck specimens). CONCLUSIONS: Our study seems to validate the SN hypothesis for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The role of SN biopsy in the management of the N0 neck in such patients has yet to be established through prospective trials. SN identification (and thus biopsy) does not seem to be reliable in patients with tumors located in or close to the midline.