空心加压螺钉治疗股骨颈骨折疗效分析

目的：探讨空心加压螺钉内固定术治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效及术后致股骨头缺血性坏死的相关影响因素。方法：对2003年1月至2009年6月应用空心加压螺钉治疗的96例股骨颈骨折进行回顾性分析,男44例,女52例;年龄21～88岁,平均56.3岁。将患者年龄、性别、骨折类型、骨折复位情况、外伤至手术复位时间与术后骨折不愈合及股骨头缺血性坏死之间的关系进行统计学分析。结果：84例获得随访,时间9～60个月,平均25.4个月。术后出现下肢深静脉血栓2例,骨折不愈合8例,股骨头缺血性坏死11例。术后Harris评分为（86.20±11.00）分,优40例,良32例,可7例,差5例。未移位骨折组和移位骨折组股骨头坏死发生率分别为3.22%和18.87%,两者差异有统计学意义（P=0.037）;解剖复位组和非解剖复位组的股骨头坏死发生率分别为5.00%和20.45%,两者差异有统计学意义（P=0.036）;而不同年龄、性别、手术时间对继发股骨头坏死无明显差异。结论：空心加压螺钉内固定术治疗无移位股骨颈骨折疗效良好,骨折类型及骨折复位情况是影响术后股骨头缺血性坏死的主要因素。对年轻移位的股骨颈骨折患者,应尽可能解剖复位、牢靠内固定,以减少术后股骨头缺血性坏死的发生;对于骨折移位严重的高龄患者,建议行人工关节置换术。     

难复位性股骨颈骨折的概念提出与治疗

目的 提出难复位性股骨颈骨折的概念,并探讨其分型与治疗方法.方法 对2006年1月至2008年12月收治的519例移位型股骨颈骨折患者进行前瞻性研究,男241例,女278例;年龄21 ～ 66岁,平均54.9岁;左侧295例,右侧224例.所有患者首先尝试牵引闭合复位,若经3次整复骨折不能达到理想复位效果,则认为属于难复位性股骨颈骨折,改用股骨头干三维互动复位技术复位,并采用3枚空心钉固定.分析难复位性股骨颈骨折的特点并对其进行分型,评价股骨头干三维互动复位技术的临床疗效.结果 共有31例(6.0％)难复位性股骨颈骨折,男20例,女11例;年龄21 ～58岁,平均39.6岁;均为GardenⅣ型骨折.均采用股骨头干三维互动复位技术复位成功,28例骨折复位质量达Garden指数Ⅰ级,3例达Garden指数Ⅱ级.根据X线片及CT影像学特点,难复位性股骨颈骨折可分为3型:Ⅰ型5例(16.1％):骨折线为斜形,近端骨折片呈“鹰嘴”状嵌插入骨折远端;Ⅱ型17例(54.8％):骨折线不规则,骨折远端外旋并嵌插入近端;Ⅲ型9例(29.0％):骨折端完全移位,股骨头和股骨干之间有分离,股骨头成漂浮状态,旋转移位较大.29例患者术后获2～4年(平均3.3年)随访,骨折均获骨性愈合,愈合时间为16～24周(平均20.1周).3例发生股骨头坏死,其中Ⅱ型l例,Ⅲ型2例.结论 难复位性股骨颈骨折可分为3型,采用股骨头干三维互动复位技术复位、3枚空心钉固定可获得较好的临床疗效.     

陈旧性股骨颈骨折不愈合的临床病理特点和全髋关节置换术的治疗对策

目的从临床病理角度探讨全髋关节置换术（THA）治疗陈旧性股骨颈骨折不愈合的经验教训.方法 分析39例陈旧性股骨颈骨折不愈合在该院行THA患者的病例资料,通过术前和术中观察的临床病理特点,总结术前、术中和术后处理的注意事项.结果 陈旧性股骨颈骨折不愈合多具有患肢明显的短缩畸形,关节囊挛缩、肥厚,股骨上端和髋臼的骨质疏松,同侧膝关节和踝关节不同程度的功能障碍.由于患髋周围软组织挛缩,术中需进行广泛松解,手术创面大,术后渗血较多,术中应注意彻底止血.2例于术后1周内发生关节脱位,1例发生深静脉血栓,这3例并发症保守治疗均治愈.经平均3年4个月的随访,所有髋关节功能恢复良好,Harris评分优良率84.6%.结论 THA是治疗陈旧性股骨颈骨折不愈合的较为理想的方法,根据患髋周围软组织挛缩、患肢明显的短缩畸形等病理特点,术前充分准备,术中应注意彻底止血,术后早期功能锻炼是手术成功和术后取得较好疗效的关键.     

股骨颈骨折患者早期手术对比后期手术安全性的Meta分析

目的：关于股骨颈骨折早期手术是否可以降低患者病死率的研究结果并不完全一致,本研究探讨股骨颈骨折患者早期对比后期行手术治疗对患者病死率的影响。方法：通过计算机检索Medline、EMBASE、CENTRAL（theCochranecentralregisterofcontrolledtrials）、中国生物医学文献数据库系统（CBM）、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、中文科技期刊全文数据库（VIP）等,收集股骨颈骨折患者早期手术对比后期手术治疗效果的研究文献。应用统计软件Stata11.0进行数据分析,计算其合并相对危险度（relativerisk,RR）和95%置信区间（confidenceinterval,CI）。采用Egger法对发表偏倚进行量化检测。结果：纳入分析的文章有6篇,均为观察性的队列研究,共纳入8430例患者。合并分析结果表明：早期行手术治疗患者的死亡风险是后期行手术治疗的64%（RR=0.64,95%CI：0.55～0.73,P=0.000）;按死亡时间为30d以内的早期术后死亡和6个月及以上的后期死亡分为2个亚组。早期病死率,早期手术与后期手术无差别（RR=0.93,95%CI：0.69～1.18,P=0.076）;后期病死率,早期行手术治疗患者的病死率是后期手术治疗的59%（RR=0.59,95%CI：0.49～0.69,P=0.000）。结论：股骨颈骨折患者早期行手术治疗可以显著降低患者的病死率。     

股骨干顺行髓内钉固定后同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗

目的：探讨股骨干骨折行顺行髓内钉固定后发现同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年1月股骨干骨折行顺行髓内钉固定后术中或术后发现同侧股骨颈骨折的患者12例,全部以2枚螺钉分别自髓内钉前后方固定股骨颈骨折,定期随访,评估骨折愈合及功能恢复情况。结果：术后随访10—36个月,平均16．5个月。股骨颈骨折平均愈合时间3．6个月,股骨干骨折平均愈合时间5．4个月,无股骨头坏死发生。按Harris评分标准髋关节功能：优7例,良3例,可2例。结论：股骨干骨折顺行髓内钉固定后发现同侧股骨颈骨折,以2枚螺钉分别自髓内钉前后方固定股骨颈骨折方法可行,固定可靠,手术创伤小,骨折愈合率高。     

前外侧和外侧联合入路的股骨颈肿瘤刮除植骨及内固定术

目的 探讨前外侧和外侧联合入路肿瘤刮除植骨重建治疗股骨颈骨肿瘤的疗效.方法 2005年7月至2009年8月采用前外侧和外侧联合入路手术治疗股骨颈肿瘤12例,男7例,女5例;年龄1768岁,平均34岁.软骨母细胞瘤4例,原发性骨巨细胞瘤2例,纤维结构不良3例,骨囊肿3例.7例有病理性骨折,5例骨皮质变薄.按国际保肢协会股骨颈肿瘤分区H1区1例、H2区4例、H1,2区7例.前外侧Smith-Peterson入路行肿瘤刮除植骨,外侧Watson-Jones入路行内固定.内固定采用解剖钢板10例,经皮空心螺钉2例.结果 全部患者随访12～68个月,平均35个月.患者疼痛均消失,随访期间无复发,无病理性骨折、股骨头坏死、关节退变.1例出现股骨外侧皮肤麻木,术后6个月自行缓解;1例出现外展无力.11例恢复正常活动范围,前屈120°～135°,后伸9°～15°,外展30°～45°.国际骨与软组织肿瘤协会功能评分27～30分,平均29.2分.结论 前外侧SP入路可以充分暴露肿瘤部位,手术视野清晰,刮除彻底,复发率低;外侧WJ入路易于植入内固定,防止术后病理性骨折的发生.股骨颈骨折采用前外侧SP与外侧WJ联合入路肿瘤刮除植骨重建的近期疗效较好.

Abstract：

Objective To explore surgical procedure of combined anterior-lateral and lateral approach for the treatment of bone tumors of femoral neck. Methods Forty patients with bone tumors of femoral neck treated in Tianjin Hospital were included from July 2005 to August 2009. Of the patients, 12 who were treated with curettage and bone graft through combined anterior-lateral and lateral incision were analyzed in this study. There were 7 males and 5 females with an average age of 34 years ranging from 17 to 68 years. 4 patients were diagnosed as chondroblastoma, 2 giant cell tumor, 3 fibrous dysplasia, and 3 single bone cysts. 7 patients suffered from pathologic fractures, and 5 had presented thin cortical bone because of tumor involvement. There were 1 tumor located in H1 zone, 4 in H2 zone and 7 in H1,2 zone according to ISOLS femoral neck classification. All patients were treated by curettage and bone graft via anterior-lateral approach, 10 cases underwent internal fixation with anatomical plate, and 2 cases with canulated screws with lateral approach. Results The follow-up time ranged from 10 to 68 months with an average of 35 months.Pain disappeared in all patients, and there were not recurrence of tumor, pathologic fractures and avascular necrosis. One case had complained of lateral femoral skin numbness which may be caused by injures of femoral lateral nerves. One case had difficulties in the valgus of hip joint. The mean MSTS score was 29.2 points ranging from 27 to 30 points. Conclusion Anterior approaches of SP incision is helpful to thorough curettage which decrease the risk of recurrence due to good visualization and intemal fixation is easy to perform via lateral approaches. The result suggested that combined anterior-lateral SP and lateral incision is liable option in treatment of bone tumors of femoral neck.     

Does femoral offset recover and affect the functional outcome of patients with displaced femoral neck fracture following hemiarthroplasty?

BackgroundRestoring preoperative horizontal femoral offset (FO) promised good functional outcome in patients receiving total hip arthroplasty. However, relatively little was known regarding the clinical relevance of restoring the offset in patients with bipolar hemiarthroplasty to treat displaced femoral neck fracture. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate postoperative FO accurately and verify its relation with functional outcome.MethodsOne hundred elderly patients who received bipolar hemiarthroplasty to treat displaced femoral neck fracture were identified. Preoperative CT scanning of contralateral hip joint and reconstruction of images led to rotation-free FO. By referencing postoperative implant specification and comparing to measured values in Picture Archive and Communication System, rotation-free postoperative FO and the amount of change were acquired. Postoperative Harris Hip Score (HHS) and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) were evaluated to measure functional outcome at 12-month after the surgery. Patients with significant FO change were identified. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine if the FO change might independently affect the outcome regardless of confounding factors.ResultsThe mean preoperative offset was 37.4 ± 2.5 increased by 12.7 ± 9.6% after the surgery. Only 25.0% of postoperative offset after hemiarthroplasty was changed within ±5% of preoperative offset. A total of 45.0% of postoperative offset changed within ±10% while 77.0% of postoperative offset changed within ±20%. 23% of patients whose FO changed more than 20% showed significantly worse outcome score than the patients whose FO change remained within ±20% of initial value. Mean MBI and HHS were negatively correlated with FO change. After adjusting for confounding factors, significant correlation remained between modification of FO and MBI, but not between FO change and HHS (B = 4.576; β = 0.235; 95% confidence interval of B: 0.534 to 8.135).ConclusionsFO was not properly restored in 23% of subjects receiving bipolar hemiarthroplasty due to femoral neck fracture. FO restoration independently predicted fair MBI after the surgery. Therefore, surgeons should pay attention to restoring FO with meticulous templating.     

Good functional outcome but not regained health related quality of life in the majority of 20–69 years old patients with femoral neck fracture treated with internal fixation: A prospective 2-year follow-up study of 182 patients

Background and purposeProspective studies on patient related outcome in patients <70 years with a femoral neck fracture (FNF) are few. We aimed to investigate functional outcome and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in 20–69 years old patients with a FNF treated with internal fixation.Patients and methods182 patients, 20–69 years with a FNF treated with internal fixation were prospectively included in a multicenter study. Follow up included radiographic and clinical examination at 4, 12 and 24 months. Collected data were hip function using Harris Hip Score (HHS), HRQoL (EQ-5D and SF-36), fracture healing and re-operations.ResultsAt 24 months, HHS was good or excellent in 73% of the patients with a displaced fracture and 85% of the patients with a non-displaced fracture (p = 0.15). Of the patients with displaced fracture (n = 120), 23% had a non-union (NU) and 15% had an avascular necrosis (AVN) with a 28% re-operation rate. None of the patients with non-displaced fracture (n = 50) had an NU, 12% had a radiographic AVN and 8% needed a re-operation. The mean EQ-5D_index in patients with displaced fracture decreased from 0.81 to 0.59 at 4 months, 0.63 at 12 months and 0.65 at 24 months (p < 0.001). The corresponding values for patients with non-displaced fracture were 0.88, 0.69, 0.75 and 0.74 respectively (p < 0.001). The mean SF-total score in patients with displaced fracture decreased from 76 to 55 at 4 months, 63 at 12 months and 65 at 24 months (p < 0.001). The corresponding values for patients with non-displaced fracture were 80, 67, 74 and 76 respectively (p < 0.001).InterpretationTwo thirds of the patients with displaced femoral neck fracture healed after one operation and three quarters reported good or excellent functional outcome at 24 months. However, they did not regain their pre-fracture level of HRQoL.     

The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and neck pain, disability and range of motion: a narrative review of the literature

Background:

The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) that was developed in 1990 is a 17 item scale originally developed to measure the fear of movement related to chronic lower back pain.

Objective:

To review the literature regarding TSK and neck pain, perceived disability and range of motion of the cervical spine.

Methods:

Medline, MANTIS, Index to Chiropractic Literature and CINAHL were searched.

Results:

A total of 16 related articles were found and divided into four categories: TSK and Neck Pain; TSK, Neck Pain and Disability; TSK, Neck Pain, Disability and Strength; and TSK, Neck Pain and Surface Electromyography.

Conclusion:

The fear avoidance model can be applied to neck pain sufferers and there is value from a psychometric perspective in using the TSK to assess kinesiophobia. Future research should investigate if, and to what extent, other measureable factors commonly associated with neck pain, such as decreased range of motion, correlate with kinesiophobia.     

Biology of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in head and neck cancer: beyond angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is a necessary process for tumor progression and is driven through molecular interactions between cancer cells and neighboring vascular endothelial cells. The primary mediators of angiogenesis are the vascular endothelial growth factors and their respective receptors on endothelial cells. There are several U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-angiogenic agents in clinical use. In head and neck cancer there are clinical trials assessing the efficacy of anti-angiogenic agents in combination with chemoradiation therapy. Although the aforementioned growth factors and receptors have been traditionally viewed as anti-angiogenic targets, there are concomitant efforts to understand the role these molecules play within the tumor cells. In this review, we first discuss the biology of angiogenic proteins and the targeting of angiogenic molecules for cancer treatment. We summarize the current clinical trials of anti-angiogenic therapies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Finally, the additional role these molecules play in tumor progression independent of angiogenesis is discussed.