Radiation-Shielding Devices: The Best Combination for Spine Interventional Procedures

PurposeAlthough many studies have examined the efficiency of various protective devices for reducing the dose of radiation exposure to physicians during interventional pain procedures, no study has compared the protective effect of these devices when they are used in combination. The purpose of this prospective experimental study was to determine the best combination of radiation-shielding devices.Materials and MethodsUsing anthropomorphic phantoms of a physician and patient, we measured the radiation protection efficiency (RPE) of each of the following protection methods and in combination during C-arm–guided simulated lumbar epidural injection: (a) personal protective equipment (PPE), (b) bedside curtain shield (Curtain), (c) x-ray tube filter (Filter), and (d) fluoroscopic collimation method (Collimation). We measured exposure doses using personal electronic dosimeters at the eye, thyroid, and gonad levels for 1 minute. Each experiment was repeated 15 times.ResultsThe radiation exposure dose and RPE with the best single-, double-, and triple-protection methods were as follows: PPE for the single-protection method (11.82 μSv/min, 80.04%), PPE + Collimation for the double-combination method (4.68 μSv/min, 92.09%), and PPE + Collimation + Curtain for the triple-combination method (3.08 μSv/min, 93.39%). Additionally, PPE + Collimation + Curtain + Filter for the quadruple-combination method resulted in a radiation exposure and RPE of 2.91 μSv/min and 93.61%, respectively, compared with nonprotection.ConclusionsThe best single-, double-, and triple-protection method was PPE, PPE + Collimation, and PPE + Collimation + Curtain, respectively. While preparing protective equipment, we recommend prioritizing equipment in this order.     

Pentobarbital overdose: A case of contract killing

Suicides by pentobarbital overdose have increased since about 2012, which appear to be influenced by technical information on active euthanasia that has spread over the Internet. We encountered a pentobarbital poisoning case of a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A caregiver found the patient unconscious immediately after two visitors left the room. The patient was immediately transferred to the emergency hospital but eventually declared dead. A fatal concentration of pentobarbital was detected in peripheral blood samples collected in the emergency hospital and during autopsy (53.8 μg/mL and 29.4 μg/mL, respectively). Because the ratios of pentobarbital concentrations between the gastric contents and peripheral blood were 35 and 29 in the hospital and autopsy samples, respectively, it is likely that pentobarbital was administered via the gastrostomy tube. The patient had contacted the visitors through social media. Although the patient had requested the doctor perform active euthanasia and expressed a desire to end their life on social media, nobody had noticed the plan to commit suicide.     

自制气囊引流管行结肠旁路引流治疗医源性结肠穿孔

目的探讨采用自制气囊引流管行结肠旁路引流在医源性结肠穿孔患者中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年3月间哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院消化内科采用自行设计的结肠气囊引流管治疗的8例医源性结肠穿孔患者的临床资料。所有结肠穿孔在内镜下金属夹和（或）尼龙绳缝合后。将自制气囊引流管在内镜直视下留置于肠腔内．引流管前端气囊充气后固定于穿孔部位的近口侧．后端固定于患者臀部并行持续引流肠液及粪便。结果8例患者气囊引流管均成功放置并引流通畅．穿孔均完全愈合．无中转外科手术病例。气囊引流管旁路引流时间3-10（平均7．6）d,1例患者术后3d复查结肠镜,发现气囊导管移位,予以内镜下校正。所有8例患者气囊引流管均顺利拔除。拔除后肠壁气囊固定部位无溃疡穿孔发生。术后随访12-36（平均25．4）个月,全组患者术后无慢性肠瘘、粘连性肠梗阻或腹腔感染等并发症发生。结论应用自制气囊引流管行结肠旁路引流治疗医源性结肠穿孔简单、安全并可靠。     

管状胃代食管术治疗小儿复杂型食管瘢痕性狭窄的初步研究

目的探讨管状胃代食管手术治疗小儿复杂型食管瘢痕性狭窄的临床价值。方法回顾分析2010年3月至2011年10月广州市妇女儿童医疗中心胸外科应用胸骨后管状胃代食管手术治疗复杂型食管瘢痕性狭窄7例的临床资料。结果7例患儿均为化学性食管灼伤者．长度超过2．5em的食管独段狭窄3例,多段狭窄4例。全组患儿手术过程顺利．术后机械辅助通气时间平均6h,撤机后均无通气不足表现。出现吻合口瘘1例,1周后自愈;吻合1：3瘘并幽门梗阻1例,经术中预留十二指肠管喂养,3周后吻合口瘘自愈,4周后幽门梗阻恢复通畅;出现吻合口狭窄2例,经球囊扩张术后恢复正常饮食。7例患儿平均随访10．5个月．生活质量明显改善．无其他并发症出现．结论管状胃代食管术是治疗复杂型食管瘢痕性狭窄的有效手术．近期疗效好．     

The Effect of Antifibrinolytic Prophylaxis on Postoperative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Operations

Antifibrinolytic agents such as aprotinin and epsilon aminocaproic acid limit postoperative bleeding and blood transfusion in patients undergoing cardiac operations using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Recent evidence suggests that these agents have adverse side effects that influence operative mortality and morbidity. We studied postoperative bleeding, transfusion rates, and operative outcomes in our patients in order to assess the efficacy of these agents during cardiac operations requiring CPB. We reviewed records of 520 patients undergoing a variety of cardiac operations between January 2005 and May 2009. We measured multiple variables including pre-operative risk factors, antifibrinolytic agent used, and outcomes of operation, such as measures of bleeding and blood transfusion, as well as serious operative morbidity and mortality. Postoperative bleeding rates varied significantly between patients receiving aprotinin and those receiving aminocaproic acid (P < 0.05). There was an associated 12% decrease in operative site bleeding in aprotinin-treated patients compared with aminocaproic acid. There was no significant difference in the transfusion rates of packed red blood cells between patients receiving aminocaproic acid or aprotinin (P > 0.05), though individuals in the aprotinin group did receive FFP more frequently than patients in the aminocaproic acid group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in morbidity and mortality rates between patients in either drug group (P > 0.05). Our study shows that aprotinin is more effective at controlling operative site bleeding than aminocaproic acid. Reduced operative site bleeding did not portend better outcome or differences in transfusion requirements. Aminocaproic acid remains a safe and cost-effective option for antifibrinolytic prophylaxis because of unavailability of aprotinin.     

A rare cause of acute abdominal pain in adolescence: Hydrosalpinx leading to isolated torsion of fallopian tube

Torsion of the fallopian tube accompanying hydrosalpinx is a rare occurrence in the pediatric population. This report describes a 13 year old sexually inactive girl with isolated tubal torsion due to hydrosalpinx. The girl had lower left abdominal pain for two days. The physical examination revealed left lower quadrant tenderness with a firm round anterior mass on rectal examination. Abdominal ultrasound showed left tubal enlargement with free pelvic peritoneal fluid. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed engorgement and dilatation of the left fallopian tube without contrast enhancement suspicious of tubal torsion. At operation, torsion of the left tube on its longitudinal axis was observed, and a salpingectomy was performed.     

Minimally invasive repair of a late stricture in a reversed gastric tube

Ingestion of caustic agents may result in severe scarring and stricture formation of the esophagus. Reversed gastric tube esophagoplasty is an option for definitive surgical management of severe esophageal stricture refractory to medical treatment. Delayed complications from this procedure have rarely been reported. We present a case involving a patient who developed a delayed gastric stricture three decades after receiving a reversed gastric tube esophagoplasty. A historical review of the reversed gastroplasty is presented as well.     

宫腔压力测量辅助四维宫腔输卵管超声造影评价输卵管通畅性的临床价值

目的??探讨宫腔压力测量辅助四维宫腔输卵管超声造影 （4D-HyCoSy） 评价输卵管通畅性的临床价值。 方法??选取 2015 年 1 月—2016 年 12 月上饶市人民医院拟诊断为输卵管性不孕的 104 例患者为研究对象。所有患者均进行 4D-HyCoSy 检测,采用造影注射装置进行造影剂注射和宫腔压力监测。以腹腔镜通液检测为金标准, 采用受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线确定宫腔压力峰值临界值,并比较 4D-HyCoSy 检测和宫腔压力辅助联合诊 断的的敏感性、特异性、ROC 曲线下面积。结果??104 例患者共检测到 208 条输卵管,4D-HyCoSy 检测的符合 率为 72.59%, 敏感性为 78.04%, 特异性为 85.63%; 根据其功能分为双侧通畅、 不完全通畅、 一侧通而不畅一侧阻塞、双侧阻塞,以腹腔镜通液检测结果为金标准,104 例患者诊断符合率为 79.81%,ROC 曲线下面积为 0.813。宫腔压力峰值在双侧通畅、不完全通畅、一侧通而不畅一侧阻塞、双侧阻塞之间差异有统计学意义（ P <0.05） ,对应的宫腔压力峰值临界值分别为 ： 24.65、35.27 和 46.83 kPa,ROC 曲线下面积分别为 0.781、0.806 和 0.831。宫腔压力峰值辅助4D-HyCoSy联合诊断的ROC曲线下面积为0.942, 敏感性为92.31%, 高于单项检测 （ P <0.05） ,特异性为 80.77%,与单项检测差异无统计学意义（ P >0.05） 。结论??宫腔压力测量辅助 4D-HyCoSy 评价输卵管通畅性具有极高的诊断价值, 值得临床运用推广。目的??探讨宫腔压力测量辅助四维宫腔输卵管超声造影 （4D-HyCoSy） 评价输卵管通畅性的临床价值。方法??选取 2015 年 1 月—2016 年 12 月上饶市人民医院拟诊断为输卵管性不孕的 104 例患者为研究对象。所有患者均进行 4D-HyCoSy 检测,采用造影注射装置进行造影剂注射和宫腔压力监测。以腹腔镜通液检测为金标准,采用受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线确定宫腔压力峰值临界值,并比较 4D-HyCoSy 检测和宫腔压力辅助联合诊断的的敏感性、特异性、ROC 曲线下面积。结果??104 例患者共检测到 208 条输卵管,4D-HyCoSy 检测的符合率为 72.59%, 敏感性为 78.04%, 特异性为 85.63%; 根据其功能分为双侧通畅、 不完全通畅、 一侧通而不畅一侧阻塞、双侧阻塞,以腹腔镜通液检测结果为金标准,104 例患者诊断符合率为 79.81%,ROC 曲线下面积为 0.813。宫腔压力峰值在双侧通畅、不完全通畅、一侧通而不畅一侧阻塞、双侧阻塞之间差异有统计学意义（ P <0.05） ,对应的宫腔压力峰值临界值分别为 ： 24.65、35.27 和 46.83 kPa,ROC 曲线下面积分别为 0.781、0.806 和 0.831。宫腔压力峰值辅助4D-HyCoSy联合诊断的ROC曲线下面积为0.942, 敏感性为92.31%, 高于单项检测 （ P <0.05） ,特异性为 80.77%,与单项检测差异无统计学意义（ P >0.05） 。结论??宫腔压力测量辅助 4D-HyCoSy 评价输卵管通畅性具有极高的诊断价值, 值得临床运用推广。     

口服米索前列醇联合宫腔吸引管在剖宫产术后无痛人流的应用

分析口服米索前列醇联合宫腔吸引管治疗剖宫产术后无痛人流的临床效果及机制。120例患者随机分为对照组(n=60)和观察组(n=60)。对照组患者接受宫腔吸引管处理,观察组患者口服米索前列醇(0.6 mg)后接受宫腔吸引管。结果显示观察组患者的手术时间和苏醒时间明显缩短(P<0.05),术中出血量和异丙酚用量明显减少(P<0.05);观察组患者的宫颈扩张效果总有效率明显升高(P<0.05)而不良反应发生率明显降低(P<0.05);两组患者治疗后血清中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和IL-2水平明显升高,且对照组患者的上述白细胞介素水平升高更显著(P<0.05)而雌激素促黄体生成素(Luteotropic hormone,LH)、促卵泡激素(Follicle stimulating horman,FSH)和雌二醇(Estradiol,E2)水平无明显变化(P>0.05)。实验表明口服米索前列醇联合宫腔吸引管治疗剖宫产术后无痛人流临床效果明显,且不引起白细胞介素和雌激素水平的剧烈变化。     

INPP5E 基因影响小鼠胚胎神经管闭合的 分子机制研究

目的 探讨肌醇多聚磷酸5- 磷酸酶（INPP5E）基因影响小鼠胚胎神经管闭合的分子机制。 方法 采用前期复制的神经管缺陷（NTD）小鼠模型,在体视显微镜下观察胚胎表型、苏木精- 伊红染色情况, 测量胚胎顶臀长、体重等指标;重亚硫酸盐测序法检测NTD 组及对照组胚胎发育第11.5 天小鼠胚胎神经组 织中INPP5E 基因启动子区DNA 甲基化情况;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应和Western blotting 检测胚胎神经组 织中INPP5E 蛋白和mRNA 相对表达量;超高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测胚胎神经组织中叶酸（FA）、5- 甲 基四氢叶酸（5-MeTHF）、5- 甲酰四氢叶酸（5-FoTHF）及同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平。结果 NTD 组小 鼠胚胎神经组织INPP5E 基因启动子区甲基化水平、INPP5E 蛋白和mRNA 相对表达量在胚胎发育第11.5 天 时较对照组低（P <0.05）。NTD 组胚胎神经组织的FA 和Hcy 水平较对照组升高（P <0.05）,而5-MeTHF 和5-FoTHF 水平较对照组低（P <0.05）。结论 INPP5E 基因在调节小鼠胚胎神经管闭合中起重要作用。FA 代谢紊乱引起的INPP5E 基因启动子区甲基化水平降低,可能通过影响其表达水平参与NTD 的发生。