Time in Parenting Activities in Dual‐Earner Families at the Transition to Parenthood

Time parenting was compared for new mothers and fathers in a sample of 182 dual‐earner families. Parenting domains included positive engagement, responsibility, routine child care, and accessibility. Time diaries captured parents' time use over a 24‐hour workday and nonworkday when infants were age 3 and 9 months. Parents were highly involved with their infants. Mothers were more involved than fathers in positive engagement and routine child care on days and at each assessment, and allocated more available time on workdays to these domains than fathers, with one exception. Fathers and mothers allocated similar shares of available workday time to positive engagement at 9 months. Greater equity in responsibility and accessibility was found; mothers spent more, and a greater share of, parenting time in responsibility than fathers on the 9‐month workday only, and were more accessible on the 3‐month workday only. Implications for parents in today's diverse families are discussed.     

A Multi‐Locus Likelihood Method for Assessing Parent‐of‐Origin Effects Using Case‐Control Mother‐Child Pairs

Parent‐of‐origin effects have been pointed out to be one plausible source of the heritability that was unexplained by genome‐wide association studies. Here, we consider a case‐control mother‐child pair design for studying parent‐of‐origin effects of offspring genes on neonatal/early‐life disorders or pregnancy‐related conditions. In contrast to the standard case‐control design, the case‐control mother‐child pair design contains valuable parental information and therefore permits powerful assessment of parent‐of‐origin effects. Suppose the region under study is in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium, inheritance is Mendelian at the diallelic locus under study, there is random mating in the source population, and the SNP under study is not related to risk for the phenotype under study because of linkage disequilibrium (LD) with other SNPs. Using a maximum likelihood method that simultaneously assesses likely parental sources and estimates effect sizes of the two offspring genotypes, we investigate the extent of power increase for testing parent‐of‐origin effects through the incorporation of genotype data for adjacent markers that are in LD with the test locus. Our method does not need to assume the outcome is rare because it exploits supplementary information on phenotype prevalence. Analysis with simulated SNP data indicates that incorporating genotype data for adjacent markers greatly help recover the parent‐of‐origin information. This recovery can sometimes substantially improve statistical power for detecting parent‐of‐origin effects. We demonstrate our method by examining parent‐of‐origin effects of the gene PPARGC1A on low birth weight using data from 636 mother‐child pairs in the Jerusalem Perinatal Study.     

基层助产机构孕期HIV检测服务现状及影响因素

目的孕期尽早进行HIV检测是艾滋病母婴阻断的重要前提;了解基层助产机构HIV检测服务现状及影响因素,为提高基层HIV检测服务能力提供依据。方法以广东省内所有县级及乡级有助产服务的机构作为调查地点,采用定性研究与定量研究相结合的方法收集资料。定性资料分析采用分类和主题归纳法,定量资料用EpiData数据库整理,用SPSS统计软件分析处理。结果调查地区孕期HIV的检测率为65％。经济条件较好的珠江三角地区孕期HIV检测率较高,经济欠发达的山区和粤东地区孕期HIV检测率较低。影响基层助产机构开展孕期HIV检测服务的因素包括人力资源、资金、HIV检测能力及项目管理的复杂程度和要求高低。结论基层助产机构的服务资源及服务管理能力是影响孕期HIV检测的重要因素,因此提高孕期HIV检测率,需关注基层助产机构的服务资源和能力,更合理有效的利用资源并提高管理能力。     

我国0～6岁儿童血清维生素A水平调查

【目的】　调查我国 0～ 6岁儿童的维生素A(VA)营养状况。　【方法】　以分层抽样法将全国划分为沿海、内地和边远三层 ,抽取 1 4个省、市、自治区的 8669名儿童进行问卷和血清VA含量测定。以FoxBase建立数据库 ,以Epinfo软件统计分析 ,计量资料用F、t检验和多元回归处理。　【结果】　儿童血清VA均值为(1 .0 6± 0 .33) μmol/L ,亚临床维生素A缺乏 (SVAD)患病率为 1 1 .7%。儿童血清VA水平随着年龄的增长 ,富含VA食物摄入频率的增加 ,所在地区呼吸道、发热、腹泻发病率的降低 ,家庭年人均收入和所在地区年人均国民生产总值 (GNP)的升高 ,母亲受教育程度的升高而逐渐升高(P均 <0 .0 0 0 )。儿童血清VA水平 ,取血前 2周内曾患呼吸道感染、发热、腹泻者明显低于未曾患病者。母亲是少数民族者明显低于母亲是汉族者 (P均 <0 .0 0 0 )。多元回归结果表明 :年龄小 ,未食用乳、蛋、鱼虾、肝炎、鱼肝油 ,曾患呼吸道感染、腹泻 ,所在地区及家庭经济状况差 ,母亲文化程度低 ,母亲为少数民族是其血清VA水平低下的危险因素。　【结论】　我国儿童血清VA含量尚处于较低水平     

花式、爱母、宫型三种宫内节育器的临床效果观察

目的：比较花式、爱母、宫型三种宫内节育器（IuD）的临床效果。方法：选取我院自2009年至2010年270例健康育龄妇女,随机分为三组,分别放置三种不同的IUD,随访12个月,观察放置后妊娠率、脱落率、因症取出率和累积续用率,记录相关数据进行对比分析。结果：三种IUD12个月的妊娠率、脱落率、因症取出率和累积续用率分别为：花式IuD0．41％、0．59％、2．41％、96．05％;爱母IDU：0．59％、0．51％、2．02％、97．06％;宫型IuD：0．48％、0．63％、3．48％、95．23％,三种IUD比较,爱母带器妊娠率明显高于其它两种（P〈0．05）;爱母和花式IUD的脱落率及因症取出率皆明显低于宫型IUD（P〈0．05）;有统计学意义。结论：花式、爱母、宫型三种宫内节育器各具有脱落率低、因症取出率低、累积续用率高等优点,值得在临床上推广应用。     

西安市婴儿睡眠问题与母亲睡眠质量和情绪的相关性研究

【目的】 通过对婴儿睡眠情况的调查,了解西安市婴儿睡眠问题现况,探讨婴儿母亲可能影响婴儿睡眠的危险因素,为促进婴儿健康睡眠提供科学依据。 【方法】 对2011年9-11月在陕西省妇幼保健院儿童保健门诊体检的1 196名1~12个月龄健康婴儿进行睡眠评估,对其中1、6、12月婴儿母亲采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI)量表和抑郁自评(Self-Rating Depression Scale,SDS)量表分别进行睡眠质量和抑郁症状评估。 【结果】 西安市婴儿睡眠问题发生率为40.47%;睡眠问题组婴儿的母亲PSQI总分整体高于正常组婴儿母亲,主要表现在睡眠质量、睡眠时间、睡眠效率和日间功能等因子上,以及睡眠障碍因子(6月)和入睡时间因子(12月)得分高于正常组;1月、6月睡眠问题组婴儿母亲SDS标准分明显高于正常组。 【结论】 1~12月婴儿睡眠问题的发生率较高,婴儿睡眠问题与母亲的睡眠质量和情绪状态有关,应及时发现不良因素,以预防婴儿睡眠问题的发生,促进婴儿健康发育。     

Health-seeking behavior and the meaning of medications in Balochistan, Pakistan

A wide variety of health care options--home-based, indigenous, and cosmopolitan--exists in northern Balochistan, Pakistan. This paper examines health-seeking behavior in the area of mother and child health for villagers in this pluralistic medical setting. The analysis of a specific series of illness episodes shows that the majority of cases obtain treatment from different medical systems for a single episode. Interest in medications takes precedence over practitioners, and the meaning the villagers attach to such substances is explored. Long-established patterns of behavior relating to indigenous medicine continue to occur when cosmopolitan medicine is utilized. Information presented here helps to explain problems in utilization of cosmopolitan pharmaceuticals and delineates areas for future health programme activity.     

Microworlds,mother teaching behavior and concept formation in the very young child

Forty‐one preschool children, 21 two‐year‐olds and 20 three‐year‐olds, and their mothers were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: A microworld designed to teach the concept on inside/ outside via item sorting on screen and a computer experience designed to drill the alphabet. Daily videotapes of mother/child dyads were coded and scored using a revision of the Wood and Middleton (1975) Assisted Problem Solving Scale (r = .80). A sorting task patterned after the microworld followed treatment. Micro‐world mothers teaching strategies differed significantly from alphabet mothers with software type affecting dyad interaction. A 2x2 ANOVA yielded no significant main effects for group or age on the post‐test. However, the age/group interaction approached significance (p = .053) with three‐year‐olds in the microworld group correctly sorting more objects. A repeated measure mixed model ANOVA revealed a highly significant within‐group effect; three‐year‐olds within the microworld group were significantly more successful in correct item sorting on a daily basis.     

哮喘儿童母亲心理健康状况及其与父母养育方式的相关性

目的 探讨哮喘儿童母亲心理健康状况特点、哮喘儿童父母养育方式及两者之间的相关性。方法 采用父母养育方式评价量表测查50例哮喘患儿,并与31例健康儿童对照,采用状态-特质焦虑问卷、自评抑郁量表对上述儿童母亲进行测查。结果 哮喘儿童母亲状态焦虑、特质焦虑、抑郁分值显著高于健康儿童母亲(P均 <0.01)。哮喘儿童与健康儿童父母养育方式基本一致。受教育程度低的哮喘儿童母亲对子女有更多惩罚严厉倾向,受教育程度高的哮喘儿童父亲有更多过分干涉倾向。哮喘儿童母亲状态焦虑、特质焦虑与父亲情感温暖与理解、母亲情感温暖与理解呈负相关,母亲抑郁与父亲情感温暖与理解呈负相关。 结论 临床医生应重视对哮喘儿童母亲的心理帮助与支持,改善家庭养育方式,提高患儿及其母亲的生存质量。     

孕前低BMI与小于胎龄儿关系

目的调查安徽省马鞍山市小于胎龄儿(SGA)发生情况并探讨孕前低体质指数(BMI)与小于胎龄儿关系。方法样本人群来自于马鞍山市出生队列,以2008年10月-2010年10月在马鞍山市妇幼保健机构孕早期建卡的5 084名孕妇为对象,通过填写《孕产期母婴健康记录表》,收集母亲的社会人口学特征及孕前BMI信息,单胎活产儿出生信息,运用χ²检验和多因素logistic回归模型分析孕前BMI对小于胎龄儿的影响。结果 不同居住地,是否患有妊娠高血压疾病,不同孕前BMI孕妇间SGA发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);小于胎龄儿发生率为3.0%(139/4 615),孕前BMI<18.5增加小于胎龄儿的发生风险(RR=1.63,95%CI=1.12~2.37)。结论 孕妇孕前低BMI可增加小于胎龄儿的发生风险,因此,对孕前BMI较低的孕妇应提供必要的营养指导,保证其孕期正常增重,以尽量减少对胎儿生长发育的影响。