经尿道输尿管镜术治疗输尿管结石的护理

目的:正确掌握经输尿管镜手术的护理.方法:总结36例经尿道输尿管镜手术病人的护理.结果:治疗成功30例,手术时间15～100 min,失败6例,其中因输尿管结石过大者4例,合并输尿管息肉者2例,于术中转开放手术.结论:对患者需求的调查分析,并采取有效措施,是提高护理效果,满足患者护理需求的有效措施.     

Childhood emotional invalidation and right hemispheric mu suppression during a pain empathy task: An EEG study

Empathy is a critical aspect of social behavior, and impairment in empathic processing is linked to hindered social interactions and several disorders. Despite much interest in this topic, our understanding of the developmental and neural involvement for empathic processing is limited. Recent evidence suggests the Mirror Neuron System (MNS) may play a role in this behavior, and that mu rhythm suppression found over the sensorimotor cortices may be a proxy for the MNS. Therefore, we aimed to measure mu rhythm oscillations in response to empathic processing during observation of painful action-based situations using electroencephalogram (EEG). Our second goal was to examine how perceived parental emotional invalidation (EI) during childhood may relate to empathy and influence mu suppression. Our results showed that mu rhythm suppression was strongest over the right hemisphere. EI had a significant influence on this suppression between painful and non-painful images, and was negatively correlated with behavioral measures of empathy. Our findings suggest that perceived childhood EI may decrease empathizing abilities and influence neural responses to the painful experiences of others. Implications from this study could entail clinical intervention targeted at emotional invalidation to foster the healthy development of empathy.     

高原地区困难腹腔镜胆囊切除138例临床分析

目的：探讨高原地区困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopiccholecystectonly,LC）的方法。方法：回顾分析我院2006年6月至2010年6月行困难LC138例患者的临床资料。结果：138例中转开腹18例,120例在腹腔镜下完成,4例术后发生胆漏,余均无严重并发症,无手术死亡．结论：高原地区困难LC能否成功与胆囊病变程度,胆囊管变异,术者的手术技术和经验密切相关的。术中仔细解剖、遇复杂情况果断中转开腹是降低并发症的明智之举。     

基于微机械薄膜变形镜的人眼视网膜成像研究

高分辨率视网膜图像能够为视网膜疾病的早期诊断、治疗、人眼视觉的科学研究提供重要依据。本研究探讨人眼像差和高分辨率视网膜图像的像差补偿技术,着重H-S传感器像差测量、波前重构算法、变形镜控制算法,提出了基于微机械薄膜变形镜的自适应光学系统闭环控制。通过校正模拟眼的静态像差和人眼的动态像差的实验表明,能够达到减小人眼像差、获得人眼视网膜细胞的初步图像,为进一步获取视网膜各层细胞图像提供了理论和实验依据。     

Motor facilitation during action observation: topographic mapping of the target muscle and influence of the onlooker's posture

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies report that viewing a given action performed by a model activates the neural representation of the onlooker's muscles that are activated during the actual execution of the observed action. Here we sought to determine whether this mirror observation-execution facilitation reflects only muscular specificity or whether it is also influenced by postural congruency between onlooker/model body parts. We recorded motor potentials evoked by single-pulse TMS from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles during observation of the right index and little finger abduction/adduction movements of models who kept their hands in a palm-down or palm-up position. Moreover, in different experiments observers kept their right hand palm down or palm up. Selective motor facilitation was observed during observation of movements that map the motor function of the targeted muscles, regardless of the posture of the observed hand. Modulation of FDI, however, was obtained only when participants kept their hand palm down; by contrast, modulation of ADM was obtained only when participants kept their hand palm up. Interestingly, electromyographic recordings showed that FDI is mostly active when index abduction/adduction movements are performed in the palm-down position, whereas ADM is mostly active when little finger abduction/adduction movements are performed in the palm-up position. Results show that the influence of the onlooker's hand posture is comparable in action execution and observation, thus indicating a fine-grain functional correspondence between these two processes.     

Beyond a single area: motor control and language within a neural architecture encompassing Broca's area

In this position paper, we discuss a neural architecture comprising three major cortical systems: the inferior frontal cortex (including Broca's area), the rostral part of the posterior parietal cortex, and the superior temporal cortex. This network of areas is critical to imitation and to language. What are the functional properties of the network that make it possible for imitation and language to co-exist within the same neural architecture? We propose that this network implements cortical forward and inverse modeling for actions and speech sounds of self and others.     

rTMS to the right inferior parietal lobule disrupts self-other discrimination

Self–other discrimination is fundamental to social interaction,however, little is known about the neural systems underlyingthis ability. In a previous functional magnetic resonance imagingstudy, we demonstrated that a right fronto-parietal networkis activated during viewing of self-faces as compared with thefaces of familiar others. Here we used image-guided repetitivetranscranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to create a ‘virtuallesion’ over the parietal component of this network totest whether this region is necessary for discriminating self-facesfrom other familiar faces. The current results indeed show that1 Hz rTMS to the right inferior parietal lobule (IPL) selectivelydisrupts performance on a self–other discrimination task.Applying 1 Hz rTMS to the left IPL had no effect. It appearsthat activity in the right IPL is essential to the task, thusproviding for the first time evidence for a causal relationbetween a human brain area and this high-level cognitive capacity.     

Mirror star‐tracing performance in HIV‐1 infection: an assessment of visuoconstructive skills?

This study examines the visuoconstructive skills of HIV‐1+ individuals using an alpha‐adrenergic challenge, mirror star‐tracing. Participants were HIV‐1+ and HIV‐1? non‐drug injecting men and women involved in a study examining endocrine functioning in relation to HIV infection under challenge conditions. Performance on the star‐tracing task was based on the amount of errors committed when outlining a double‐lined star with a pencil while looking only at its reflection in a mirror. Chi‐square analysis indicated that significantly more HIV‐1+ participants were in the high error group on the mirror star‐tracing task than HIV‐1? participants. This finding provides a potential novel approach for examining visuoconstructive skills in HIV‐1+ individuals and warrants further research to better understand the meaning of such findings. Preliminary data from mirror star‐tracing performances of HIV‐1? injecting drug users (IDUs) a trend toward significantly more HIV‐1? IDUs in the high error group. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.