学龄前儿童心理行为问题与家长健康素养的关系

目的探讨家长健康素养与学龄前儿童心理行为问题的关系,为学龄前儿童心理行为问题早期干预提供参考。方法 2018年5-7月采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取深圳市光明区13所幼儿园4 120名学龄前儿童及其家长,使用长处与困难问卷(SDQ)家长版和深圳市居民健康素养问卷分别对学龄前儿童心理行为问题及家长健康素养水平进行调查;采用非条件Logistic回归分析家长健康素养与儿童心理行为问题的关系。结果学龄前儿童心理行为问题检出率为34.9%(1 436/4 120)。其中困难总分6.5%、情绪问题5.6%、品行问题8.9%、多动注意不能13.4%、同伴交往问题14.4%、亲社会行为9.2%。男童和女童困难总分、情绪问题、品行问题、多动注意不能、同伴交往问题、亲社会行为检出率分别为7.3%和5.5%,4.8%和6.5%,9.7%和7.8%,15.5%和10.7%,15.8%和12.7%,11.1%和6.7%,差异有统计学意义(χ^2值分别为5.626,5.506,4.212,19.846,7.650,23.863,P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,家长健康素养(OR=1.294)、健康知识(OR=1.293)、健康行为(OR=1.412)及健康技能(OR=1.193)水平低是学龄前儿童心理行为问题产生的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论学龄前儿童心理行为问题发生率较高,问题突出,家长健康素养水平低是学龄前儿童心理行为问题的重要影响因素。     

Reference values of postural balance in preschoolers: Age and gender differences for 4–5 years old Tunisian children

BackgroundPreschool age is a critical stage of postural balance development. Posturography normative data during this age are crucial for surveillance of postural balance and for the timely diagnosis of any dysfunction. The aim of this study was to provide normative data, specific to Tunisian preschoolers, according to age and gender, and to examine gender- and age-related differences in postural balance.Research questionAre there postural balance gender- and age-related differences in Tunisian preschoolers?MethodsThe study included 410 (205 boys and 205 girls) preschool children aged between 4- and 5-year-old selected within a large geographic area of Tunisia. Postural balance was assessed using a stabilometric platform under 4 sensory conditions. The mean center of pressure velocity (CoP-V) parameter was selected for analysis. Differences between gender and age groups were analysed using the Mann–Whitney U. Normative data were expressed in percentiles.ResultsSignificant gender effect was found in conditions where sensory inputs are most challenged with a significantly smaller mean CoP-V in girls compared to boys (p < 0.05). Moreover, 5-year-old children had significantly better postural balance than 4-year-old ones in almost all conditions (p < 0.05).SignificanceThe normative data established for Tunisian preschoolers provide useful comparative data for pediatricians, teachers and coaches for the early evaluation and monitoring of postural balance during this age. Gender and age-related differences should be considered in this population.     

Nerve ultrasound reference data in children from two to seven years

ObjectiveWe examined selected peripheral and spinal nerves of children aged between two and seven years.MethodHigh resolution ultrasound was performed in 116 children (2–7 years of age) at 19 predefined landmarks of median, ulnar, tibial, fibular, sural and radial nerves, the vagus as well as cervical spinal nerve 5 and 6. Further, side-to-side measuring and grey-scale analysis was done at selected nerve sites.ResultsNerves of children were on average smaller than those of adults. Nerve growth correlates significantly with age in all nerves, the mean values were similar in the age of two to four years and five to seven years. Body mass index (BMI) and gender showed moderate effect at some nerve sites, however not uniformly in all. A side-to-side difference of up to 30% in median, and up to 20% in tibial nerve can occur in healthy individuals. Grey-scale analysis for echointensity has been performed in median, ulnar and tibial nerves.ConclusionNerve size increases with age, BMI and gender have moderate effect. A side-to-side-difference of up to 30% can exist.SignificanceReference values of nerve cross-sectional area, side-to-side-difference and echo intensity are necessary to detect nerve pathology in children as well as in adults.     

左乙拉西坦治疗小儿癫痫的影响分析

目的研究左乙拉西坦治疗小儿癫痫的疗效以及对智力的影响。方法在本院2017年4月-2019年5月收治的小儿癫痫患儿中选取74例开展研究,按照随机数表法分两组观察组和对照组,观察组37例,对照组37例,对照组采用奥卡西平进行治疗,观察组采用左乙拉西坦进行治疗,对比观察组与对照组组的治疗总有效率和智力评分变化。结果观察组与对照组比较,观察组的治疗总有效率较高,智力评分明显较高,两项对比差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论左乙拉西坦治疗小儿癫痫有较好的治疗效果,治疗总有效率较高,且对患儿的智力有明显的改善作用,在实际临床小儿癫痫的治疗中具有较高的运用价值。     

HIV-negative children’s experiences and opinions towards parental HIV disclosure: a qualitative study in China

In HIV/AIDS research, few studies to date have evaluated ways to improve parental HIV disclosure practices using feedback from HIV-negative children who have recently experienced this event. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 20 children (aged 6–15) who were partially to fully aware of their parents’ HIV status in rural Guangxi, China. Of the 20 children, eight children who were of older age (11.38 years in average) endorsed parental HIV disclosure, five discouraged it and seven expressed uncertainty. Children’s different experiences and attitudes towards disclosure were seen to be associated with their family dynamics (especially the parent–child relationship), social support and care, experiences of stigma and discrimination, psychosocial suffering, comprehension of the disease and the children’s age. Our study contributes to building a child-centered comprehensive understanding for Chinese parental HIV disclosure. It is imperative that counselors and community advocates assess and help parents achieve optimal readiness preceding disclosure of their illness to their HIV-negative children.     

Attachment to Caregivers and Type 1 Diabetes in Children

Attachment is a behavioral and physiological system, which enables individual’s dynamic adaptation to its environment. Attachment develops in close interaction between an infant and his/her mother, plays an important role in the development of the infant’s brain, and influences the quality of interpersonal relationships throughout life.Security of attachment is believed to influence individual response to stress, exposing insecurely organized individuals to deregulated autonomic nervous system and exaggerated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity, which, in turn, produces increased and prolonged exposure to stress-hormones. Such stress responses may have considerable implications for the development of diverse health-risk conditions, such as insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, shown by numerous studies.Although the mechanisms are not yet fully understood, there is compelling evidence highlighting the role of psychological stress in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). One of the possible contributing factors for the development of T1D may be the influence of attachment security on individual stress reactivity. Thus, the suggestion is that insecurely attached individuals are more prone to experience increased and prolonged influence of stress hormones and other mechanisms causing pancreatic beta-cell destruction.The present paper opens with a short overview of the field of attachment in children, the principal attachment classifications and their historic development, describes the influence of attachment security on individual stress-reactivity and the role of the latter in the development of T1D. Following is a review of recent literature on the attachment in patients with T1D with a conclusion of a proposed role of attachment organization in the etiology of T1D.     

Relation between active mediation,exposure to Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood,and US preschoolers’ social and emotional development

This study explored the relationship between active mediation, exposure to Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood, and key indicators of preschoolers’ social and emotional development. One hundred and twenty-seven children aged 2–6 either watched or did not watch 10 episodes of Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood over a two-week period. Results revealed that preschoolers who watched the program exhibited higher levels of empathy, self-efficacy, and emotion recognition when their regular TV-watching experiences are frequently accompanied by active mediation. This was especially true for younger preschoolers and preschoolers from low-income families. Implications for policy-makers, parents, producers of prosocial programming, and educators are discussed.     

平顶山市8岁学龄儿童患龋状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解平顶山市8岁学龄儿童龋病流行状况,探讨影响龋病发生发展的危险因素。 方法 参考“第三次全国口腔健康调查”的标准,采用分层整群抽样的方法,对1 762名适龄儿童进行口腔检查和问卷调查。 结果 平顶山市8岁学龄儿童患龋率84.68%,龋均4.79,城乡结合区域及农村儿童患龋率和龋均明显高于城市,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);乳、恒牙患龋率分别为83.65%、25.77%;城乡类型(OR=22.42)、家庭收入(OR=10.21)、睡前是否有吃零食习惯(OR=8.01)、吃完零食是否刷牙(OR=6.00)、进食甜食频率(OR=8.28)、刷牙方法(OR=8.88)、家长是否检查刷牙效果(OR=9.15)是影响患龋率的因素。 结论 平顶山市农村及城乡结合区域儿童患龋率较高,应加强口腔健康教育和龋病预防控制工作。