我院2004-2007年心血管中成药应用分析

目的评价医院心血管中成药的应用情况。方法对2004-2007年心血管中成药的种类、销售金额、用药频度等进行统计、分析。结果心血管中成药销售金额逐年上升,银杏、复方丹参制剂的用药金额和用药频度均排前列。结论心血管中成药应用基本合理,中药制剂应用前景广阔。     

我院住院患者黑色预警药疗医嘱分析

目的 分析住院患者药疗医嘱中出现的问题,促进临床合理用药.方法 利用美康合理用药软件系统,抽取2011年12月至2012年5月所有药疗医嘱单,利用系统对预警医嘱进行分类,对黑色预警药疗医嘱存在的问题进行分析,提出改进方法.结果 共提取住院患者330 750条,其中黑色预警药疗医嘱5 738条,剔除无效预警项,得到有效黑色预警项1 169条,占总医嘱的3.53％.结论 合理用药监测,可以达到充分发挥药物的治疗效果,减少不良反应,进一步提高用药的安全性、合理性和有效性的目的.     

Incidence and severity of intravenous drug errors in a German hospital

Objective To determine the incidence of errors in preparing and administering intravenous (i.v.) drugs, identify the stages in the process at which errors occurred and evaluate their clinical importance.Methods A prospective ethnographic study using disguised observation was carried out on two wards in one German non-university hospital.Results We observed 22 nurses administering 122 i.v. drug preparations and administrations. One or more errors occurred in the preparation and administration of 58 of 122 i.v. drug doses (error rate 48%, 95% confidence interval 39–57%). In total, 65 errors were identified. Of doses, 4 had potentially severe errors (3%), 38 (31%) potentially moderate errors and 16 (13%) potentially minor errors. Common errors included multiple step preparations and the co-administration of potentially incompatible drugs as intermittent infusions.Conclusion A high incidence of i.v. drug errors was found in the study hospital. Effective strategies to reduce potentially harmful errors are urgently needed. Measures could include a reduction in the number of ward-based i.v. drug preparations, improvement of staff training and the introduction of ward-based clinical pharmacy services.     

我院儿科药房药学服务SWOT分析及改进

目的提升医院儿科药房药学服务的质量。方法采用SWOT分析法从优势、劣势、机遇、威胁4个方面分析医院儿科药房药学服务的开展情况,并提出有针对性的发展策略。结果医院全面落实用药交代,加强合理用药宣传,普及用药知识,开展药物治疗监测及药物基因检测等,实现了个体化精准用药;增加处方前置审核,运用信息化技术,可为患儿安全用药保驾护航。结论建议医院应加强对儿科药学服务的重视,建立更完善的儿科药学服务体系;药师应明确自身定位,发扬优势,弥补劣势,积极探索多元的药学服务模式,以促进儿童安全、合理用药。     

医务人员对细胞毒药物溢出及防护的认知和行为现状调查

目的:了解医务人员对细胞毒药物溢出及防护知识的认知和行为现状,分析存在的问题,为进一步研究防范对策提供依据。方法:设计问卷,对首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院西院区医生、药师、护士共105人进行细胞毒药物溢出及防护的认知和行为情况问卷调查。结果:调查问卷的回收率为100%,其中医生30名、药师18名、护士57名。86名(81.90%)表示知晓细胞毒药物溢出的概念。33名(31.43%)发生过细胞毒药物的破碎或溅洒,20名(19.05%)发生过细胞毒药物溅洒至人的身上。57名护士全部知晓细胞毒药物溢出防护制度,药师和医生的知晓率分别为83.33%和66.67%。在细胞毒药物溢出的防护处理方面,71名(67.62%)知晓如何防护处理,护士的知晓率较高为89.47%,医生和药师对如何防护处理的知晓率仅分别为36.67%和50.00%。在细胞毒药物溢出防护包的配置情况方面76名(72.38%)表示知晓。结论:医务人员对细胞毒药物溢出及防护的认知有待通过培训等手段进一步提高。应加强标准化操作规程的制定、培训和管理,从而保证医务人员和患者的健康。     

颈部巨淋巴结增生临床分析

目的 提高对颈部巨淋巴结增生(Castleman病)的诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析曾经误诊的10例巨淋巴结增生的临床资料,分析临床诊断和鉴别诊断的经验和教训.结果 10例颈部巨淋巴结增生患者,男3例,女7例;按Frizzera分类标准分为局灶性8例(其中透明血管型6例,混合型2例),多中心性2例(其中浆细胞型1例,混合型1例).临床以无痛性颈淋巴结肿大为特征,多中心性2例伴有全身症状和(或)多脏器受累等特征.10例患者均为误诊后接受淋巴结切除术后病理检查确诊.随访4～17年10例患者均健康生存,其中1例多中心性浆细胞型患者术后2年复发,再次接受淋巴结手术切除术和化疗后4年未再复发.结论 颈部巨淋巴结增生临床少见,易于误诊,应采用淋巴结切除活检术病理检查确定诊断,注意与颈淋巴结结核、颈淋巴结炎、结节病、肉芽肿等鉴别.如无系统功能严重受累,首选手术切除.     

兰州市中学生屈光状况及其影响因素的调查分析

目的:调查兰州市中学生屈光不正的发病率并探讨近视发病的危险因素。方法:采用前瞻性调查设计,对抽样的学生进行有关家庭因素及用眼状态的问卷调查,并进行视力测量以及包括裂隙灯、视网膜镜、矫正视力等的全面眼部检查。采集各项指标,输入应用程序,采用SPSS11.0软件进行统计分析。结果:在2256名年龄介于15～19岁的学生中,2037名(90.3%)学生患有屈光不正。近视是引起屈光不正的首要原因(1951/2256,86.5%),散光为第二位原因(921/2256,40.8%),弱视(10/2256,0.4%)、斜视(5/2256,0.2%)、远视(4/2256,0.2%)和其它眼病的发病率相对较低。在患有屈光不正的学生中约有95.3%在接受调查前已经佩戴眼镜。年龄、性别、用眼状态及家族史是近视发病的危险因素。结论:兰州市中学生屈光不正发病率及其发病的危险因素与国内其它地区类似,采取一定的干预措施保护中学生的视力是有必要的。     

TOSCA治疗复杂屈光不正患者术中切削厚度的临床分析

目的:分析角膜地形图引导的准分子激光角膜切削术(TOSCA)治疗复杂屈光不正患者术中切削厚度。方法:选取在我院接受TOSCA治疗的复杂屈光不正患者23例42眼,等效球镜为-2.50～-13.50(平均-7.51±2.23)D。将其在实际工作中按TOSCA模式中计算出的切削厚度与按照其相同的切削直径的LASIK/LASEK模式计算的切削厚度进行对比。结果:术前平均裸眼视力0.11±0.19,最佳矫正视力0.98±0.16,术后6mo裸眼视力1.03±0.30,与术前裸眼视力比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),达到并保持在术前最佳矫正视力。术前平均等效球镜-7.51±2.23D,术后6mo的平均等效球镜-0.42±0.67D,控制在±0.50D以内,达到矫正近视的目的。按照TOSCA模式计算术中实际切削厚度为92.43±21.28μm,剩余厚度为409.17±25.47μm,而按照相同的切削直径和屈光度的传统的LASIK/LASEK模式中计算的切削厚度和剩余厚度分别为123.26±28.73,378.69±32.65μm,两种模式的切削厚度相差约30.83±21.86μm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在治疗复杂屈光不正患者时,TOSCA手术模式的术中预测角膜切削厚度明显小于LASIK/LASEK手术模式,理论上提高了手术的安全性。     

Prevalence of signs and symptoms of ocular surface disease in individuals treated and not treated with glaucoma medication

Background: To determine the prevalence of signs and symptoms of ocular surface disease in two hospital‐based cohorts; glaucoma patients and non‐glaucoma patients. Design: A cross‐sectional, comparative case series. Participants: Glaucoma patients (n = 300) prescribed topical glaucoma medications for ≥6 months were compared with control patients (n = 100) who were not applying prescribed topical medications. Methods: A validated self‐report questionnaire was used to elicit the extent of ocular symptoms. Signs of ocular surface and eyelid disease were assessed along with medication history. Main Outcome Measures: Signs and symptoms of ocular surface pathology were determined including the tear film break‐up time, fluorescein staining of the cornea and conjunctiva, meibomian gland dysfunction and Schirmer's test. Results: A significant increase in the prevalence of ocular surface disease signs was observed in the glaucoma population, 70.3%, compared with controls, 33% (P < 0.001). The overall prevalence of clinically significant ocular surface disease symptoms was not significantly different between cohorts, 30.7% versus 24.0%, respectively (P = 0.252). Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of anti‐glaucoma medications and duration of therapy were key predictors of significant ocular surface disease signs in the glaucoma group. There was no significant correlation between signs and symptoms of ocular surface disease in either group after adjusting for age and gender. Conclusions: Signs and symptoms of ocular surface disease are relatively common in older patients, but signs of ocular surface disease are significantly higher in individuals who instil topical glaucoma therapy.     

听神经瘤误诊分析

对经耳鼻咽喉科首诊，最终由神经外科手术全切或部分切除的经病理证实的７２例听神经瘤进行早期误诊分析，误诊时间平均５．５年，误诊病种为神经性耳聋、突发性耳聋、神经性耳鸣、颈椎病、鼻咽癌等。文中重点讨论了误诊原因。