肺结核的保护性免疫和免疫病理机制进展

结核菌是细胞内病原体.抗结核保护性免疫主要是T淋巴细胞产生的细胞免疫,但近来的研究表明B细胞和体液免疫在其中起了重要作用.CD4+T细胞是细胞免疫中的关键细胞,然而其新亚群Th17在肺结核时升高并参与了免疫病理机制,调节性T细胞则在细胞免疫中起抑制性作用.抗结核菌的免疫过程也给机体带来了免疫损伤造成组织病理改变,包括肉芽肿形成、干酪样坏死和空洞及纤维化发展,使肺结构受到破坏和呼吸功能障碍.只有阐明肺结核免疫机制才能为其免疫治疗奠定基础、改善预后.     

The use of computer mediated communication in providing patient support: A review of the research literature

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to explore how computer mediated communication has been used by a variety of healthcare,professionals to support their patients and discuss the implication that this may have for future practice.DesignA systematized review of the literature.Data sourcesA review of empirical studies within the literature was carried out in April 2016 in CINAHL, MEDLINE, ASSIA, BNI, Psychinfo, and Web of Science databases.Review methodsThe databases searched produced 2930 titles, of which 190 publications were considered relevant to the objectives. Titles and abstracts were then reviewed and duplicates removed producing 67 publications. Exclusion and inclusion criteria were applied. The inclusion criteria were (1) interventions that facilitate two-way communication between any healthcare professional and their patients via a computer; (2) Interventions aimed at providing any type of support e.g. emotional, tangible, informational, or esteem support; (3) English language; (4) Primary empirical studies. Data quality was assessed and thematic analysis applied.ResultsThirty-one publications were included in this study. Intervention types included Email (n = 8), Videoconferencing (n = 7), Online Social Support Groups (n = 9) and multifaceted interventions (n = 7). Three themes emerged from the data including increasing access to healthcare, adding value to healthcare delivery and improving patient outcomes. Twenty-five (81%) of the studies found that computer mediated communication could produce positive effects.ConclusionsComputer mediated communication could be both what patients want and a way of delivering support to patients in a resource tight environment. This has implications for a range of health support needs and professionals including nurses, midwives and allied healthcare professionals. Reviewing the lessons learnt will ensure future interventions are tailored to the support needs of the patients, carefully planned and mindful of the risks.     

硼替佐米对大鼠肾移植AMR的保护作用及机制研究

目的研究硼替佐米对肾移植抗体介导排斥反应(AMR)的保护作用及机制。方法采用输血致敏法构建大鼠肾移植AMR模型。在此模型基础上,静脉注射硼替佐米,研究其对移植肾功能和病理损害的保护作用。流式细胞仪检测供体特异性抗体(DSA)的水平,免疫组织化学检测移植肾C4d表达,免疫荧光法检测CD68表达以反映巨噬细胞的浸润。结果硼替佐米可以明显改善肾移植AMR大鼠移植肾功能(P<0.05),减轻移植肾病理损害。硼替佐米显著降低大鼠肾移植AMR模型血清中IgM、IgG 2b和IgG 2c等DSA亚型的水平(P<0.05),同时抑制移植肾组织中C4d的表达和巨噬细胞浸润。结论硼替佐米对肾移植AMR具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与抑制受体DSA产生及减少移植肾组织中巨噬细胞浸润有关。     

Living donor kidney transplantation in crossmatch-positive patients enabled by peritransplant immunoadsorption and anti-CD20 therapy

Living donor kidney transplantation in crossmatch-positive patients is a challenge that requires specific measures. Ten patients with positive crossmatch results (n = 9) or negative crossmatch results but strong donor-specific antibodies (DSA; n = 1) were desensitized using immunoadsorption (IA) and anti-CD20 antibody induction. IA was continued after transplantation and accompanied by HLA antibody monitoring and protocol biopsies. After a median of 10 IA treatments, all patients were desensitized successfully and transplanted. Median levels of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Luminex-DSA before desensitization were 6203 and decreased after desensitization and immediately before transplantation to 891. Patients received a median of seven post-transplant IA treatments. At last visit, after a median follow-up of 19 months, 9 of 10 patients had a functioning allograft and a median Luminex-DSA of 149 MFI; serum creatinine was 1.6 mg/dl, and protein to creatinine ratio 0.1. Reversible acute antibody-mediated rejection was diagnosed in three patients. One allograft was lost after the second post-transplant year in a patient with catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. We describe a treatment algorithm for desensitization of living donor kidney transplant recipients that allows the rapid elimination of DSA with a low rate of side effects and results in good graft outcome.     

Transplant Accommodation—Are the Lessons Learned from Xenotransplantation Pertinent for Clinical Allotransplantation?

"Accommodation" refers to a vascularized transplant that has acquired resistance to antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). The term was coined in 1990, but the phenomenon was first described after clinical ABO-incompatible (ABOi) renal transplantation in the 1980s and is recognized as a common outcome in this context today. Because of the absence, until recently of reliable animal models of allograft accommodation, it has been studied extensively by investigators in the xenotransplantation field. With recent advances in the ability to recognize and diagnose AMR in human organs, the growth of desensitization programmes for transplantation into sensitized recipients and the availability of therapies that have the potential to promote accommodation, it is timely to review the literature in this area, identifying lessons that may inform preclinical and clinical studies in the future.