全文获取类型
收费全文 | 15971篇 |
免费 | 1306篇 |
国内免费 | 725篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 143篇 |
儿科学 | 150篇 |
妇产科学 | 210篇 |
基础医学 | 2541篇 |
口腔科学 | 1359篇 |
临床医学 | 1042篇 |
内科学 | 2156篇 |
皮肤病学 | 439篇 |
神经病学 | 931篇 |
特种医学 | 303篇 |
外国民族医学 | 4篇 |
外科学 | 2003篇 |
综合类 | 2402篇 |
现状与发展 | 2篇 |
预防医学 | 515篇 |
眼科学 | 494篇 |
药学 | 1588篇 |
4篇 | |
中国医学 | 596篇 |
肿瘤学 | 1120篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 26篇 |
2023年 | 177篇 |
2022年 | 319篇 |
2021年 | 534篇 |
2020年 | 491篇 |
2019年 | 422篇 |
2018年 | 487篇 |
2017年 | 468篇 |
2016年 | 487篇 |
2015年 | 666篇 |
2014年 | 1000篇 |
2013年 | 1258篇 |
2012年 | 962篇 |
2011年 | 1171篇 |
2010年 | 969篇 |
2009年 | 972篇 |
2008年 | 1030篇 |
2007年 | 993篇 |
2006年 | 927篇 |
2005年 | 777篇 |
2004年 | 689篇 |
2003年 | 634篇 |
2002年 | 461篇 |
2001年 | 346篇 |
2000年 | 247篇 |
1999年 | 238篇 |
1998年 | 210篇 |
1997年 | 174篇 |
1996年 | 156篇 |
1995年 | 117篇 |
1994年 | 101篇 |
1993年 | 95篇 |
1992年 | 67篇 |
1991年 | 57篇 |
1990年 | 55篇 |
1989年 | 37篇 |
1988年 | 33篇 |
1987年 | 26篇 |
1986年 | 14篇 |
1985年 | 29篇 |
1984年 | 30篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
101.
Kiyosumi Shibata Fumitaka Kikkawa Akihiko Nawa Koji Tamakoshi Nobuhiko Suganuma Yutaka Tomoda 《Clinical & experimental metastasis》1997,15(6):612-619
Ovarian cancer cells disseminate by attachment to the peritoneal mesothelial cell surface of the abdominal cavity. We therefore investigated the influence of conditioned medium (CM) from human peritoneal tissues and mesothelial cells on the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by ovarian cancer cells. The molecular weights of MMPs stimulating factors derived from human peritoneal tissues and mesothelial cells were estimated using microconcentrators with various cut-off membranes. Human peritoneal tissues were obtained from 12 surgical patients, and mesothelial cells were isolated from three peritoneal specimens. Exposure to CM from peritoneal tissue caused a concentration-dependent increase of the MMP-2 and MMP-9 bands in CM from NOM1 ovarian cancer cells, as shown by zymography. There was a significant difference in the increase of MMP-2 and MMP-9 (2.46-fold and 7.14-fold, respectively, at 0.4mg/ml protein; P < 0.005). CM from mesothelial cells also significantly increased the secretion of MMP-9 by NOM1 cells. The molecular size of possible MMP-9-stimulating factors secreted by peritoneal tissues and mesothelial cells was above M 100000. Further, CM of peritoneal tissues and mesothelial cells also induced the invasiveness of NOM1 cells. These findings suggest that mesothelial cells may secrete some factors which predominantly induce the MMP-9 production and increase invading cell numbers. 相似文献
102.
朱正桓邹红军宋志文刘锦波 《中国组织工程研究》2023,(1):114-120
背景:以往的研究显示单一改变脊髓损伤区域某一基因表达或者某一细胞的状态,对脊髓损伤后功能恢复无显著影响,而大量证据表明调控脊髓损伤后紊乱的细胞微环境是神经功能恢复的关键因素。目的:对脊髓损伤前后细胞微环境的生物学特性,包括多种细胞之间的相互调控以及细胞外组分对损伤神经修复的作用和机制进行综述。方法:由第一作者检索PubMed及Web of Science数据库,英文检索词为“spinal cord injury,glial cell,neuron,immune cell,neural stem cell,extracellular matrix,cytokine,extracellular vesicle,regeneration”。文献检索的时间范围为2000年1月至2021年12月,最终筛选出64篇文献进行分析。结果与结论:①脊髓损伤后,在细胞微环境的细胞组分中,占比最高的胶质细胞间的相互作用,以及与神经元的相互调控作用最为关键。②在脊髓损伤后的细胞外组分中,利用生物相容性良好的水凝胶模仿天然细胞外基质,可有效模拟和重建损伤区域内的细胞微环境,促进轴突伸长。③在脊髓损伤后的细胞外调节因子中,促炎因子如肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素1β等加剧了细胞微环境的炎症反应,应用受体抑制剂或阻断相关通路抑制上述促炎因子的表达是一种有效的治疗方法,同时在脊髓微环境中增加白细胞介素10等抗炎因子的表达,抑制损伤区域炎症发展的研究也陆续出现。④最近被重视起来的细胞外囊泡作为传递信息的载体在细胞微环境中也发挥了重要作用。⑤文章揭示了脊髓损伤后细胞微环境中的包括细胞组分和细胞外组分之间的多组相互调控关系,证实了细胞微环境中各组分之间所发挥的神经修复作用并不是孤立的。 相似文献
103.
Teodoro WR Velosa AP Witzel SS Garippo AL Farhat C Parra ER Sonohara S Capelozzi VL Yoshinari NH 《Pathology, research and practice》2004,200(10):681-691
The pathogenesis of diffuse connective tissue diseases (DCTD) is still unknown and has been extensively studied regarding its autoimmunity aspects related to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, with an emphasis on the collagens at the inflammatory site. The present paper describes the pulmonary architectural and repair/remodelling responses to injury after immunization of rabbits with human type V collagen. The animal model consisted of rabbits immunized with collagen mixed with Freund's adjuvant and sacrificed 7, 15, 30, 75, and 120 days after the first of four doses of antigen. Pulmonary architecture remodelling response was evaluated by histology, morphometry, and the immunofluorescence method, according to compartments of reference (parenchyma and interstitium) and injury: 1 inflammation (polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells); 2-repair (fibrosis) and 3-ECM remodelling (collagen system). The results showed an intense inflammatory involvement of the pulmonary vascular and bronchiolar parenchyma, characterized by increased wall thickness in small arteries, infiltrations by pseudoeosinophils, and mononuclear cells. Progressive remodelling of the pulmonary ECM was characterized by collagen deposition in the septal and bronchovascular interstitium, especially in rabbits sacrifices at 75 and 120 days. The ECM remodelling process was not reproduced when rabbits were inoculated with collagen types I and III. We conclude that the model reproduces morphologic changes similar to those observed in many DCTD, encouraging realization of other experiments to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases. 相似文献
104.
同种与异种骨基质明胶修复颅骨缺损的实验研究 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
以家兔颅顶骨直径10mm园形骨缺损作为动物模型,分别植入同种(兔)、异种(人、猪、羊)的骨基质明胶。植入后4、8、12、16w进行x线摄片和组织学检查。结果显示,同种骨基质明胶无免疫排斥反应,具有良好的骨诱导作用,术后12w骨缺损完全修复;异种骨基质明胶植入早期,存在着不同程度的排斥反应,植骨后期(12~16w),随着排斥反应的减轻,亦出现了诱导成骨。结果说明,如能改进异种骨基质明胶的制作方法,降低其抗原性,将具有重要的临床应用价值。 相似文献
105.
用于牙科复合树脂的具有固位力外形的无机填料的研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本文介绍了一类微细的复合式无机填料。由于具有特殊的表面结构,这类填料与复合树脂中的树脂基质之间有良好的结合力,因此称之为“具有固位力外形的无机填料”。用此类填料配制的试验性复合树脂,不仅其磨耗性能有明显的改善,而且其它机械性能也有不同程度的提高。 相似文献
106.
Type IX collagen (CIX), a cartilage-specific glycoprotein, constitutes ≤ 10% of cartilage collagen. To ascertain whether CIX can induce arthritis as shown for type II and XI collagen (CII and CXI), outbred rats were sensitized with bovine, chick and human CIX; inbred rats, mice, and guinea pigs were sensitized with bovine CIX. Mice and guinea pigs proved resistant to arthritis, as did rats sensitized with CIX/Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA). Arthritis was seen in rats when 100 μg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) were added to FIA, but seldom with smaller doses of Mtb, suggesting the arthritis was adjuvant-induced. High levels of antibodies to rat CIX, containing complement-fixing subclasses, were detected in rat sera in addition to DTH and lymphocyte proliferation responses to rat CIX. Given the potential for CIX-induced disease, CIX-sensitized rats were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate proinflammatory cytokine release, and intra-articularly with rat CIX to stimulate arthritis. LPS stimulation was ineffective; however, intra-articularly injected CIX produced transient synovitis. When rats with stable adjuvant arthritis were sensitized with CIX/FIA, significant increases in paw volume were measured compared with controls given CI/FIA. Immunohistochemical studies of actively and passively sensitized rats revealed deposits of CIX antibody, but not C3, at the joint margins where proteoglycan staining was weak. Together, these findings suggest that autoimmunity to CIX, in contrast to CII and CXI, is not directly pathogenic but may contribute to joint injury provided arthritis is initiated by an independent disease process. 相似文献
107.
Cai Guoping Lian Jie Shapiro Sandor S. Beacham Dorothy A. 《Methods in Cell Science》2000,22(2-3):107-114
In this study we introduce a novel in vitro 'oil-drop' assay system for the measurement of endothelial cell (EC) migration, based on the original concept of the Teflon fence assay (Pratt et al., 1984; Am. J. Pathol. 117: 349–354). An aliquot of 15–20,000 human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) is pipetted through a layer of mineral oil. The cells readily attach, spread and migrate on the surface of a matrix-coated tissue culture dish as a confluent circular monolayer. Migration is measured as the net increase in the total area covered at 24 hours. We have used this system to quantify EC migration on matrices composed of a mixture of type I collagen and either von Willebrand factor (vWF) or fibronectin (FN) in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Plating efficiency on both vWF/collagen and FN/collagen, measured by counting cells after attachment and spreading, is about 80%. With this method, migration on vWF/collagen was about 6.4 mm2 and 5.3 mm2 for TNF-treated and untreated HUVEC, respectively. HUVEC migration on FN/collagen was slightly greater – 6.4 mm2 and 6.5 mm2 with and without TNF treatment, respectively. During the 24 hour time period, HUVEC numbers increased 30–40% on vWF/collagen, and 60–80% on FN/collagen, with increased proliferation observed with TNF- treatment. EC proliferation could be completely inhibited by 2 mM hydroxyurea. This assay system has proven useful in our studies to quantify cell migration and proliferation. 相似文献
108.
目的:探讨p38MAPK信号通路在高糖刺激大鼠肾小管上皮细胞产生细胞外基质胶原Ⅲ中的作用。 方法: 采用体外培养和Western blotting等方法,以不同浓度D-葡萄糖、p38MAPK信号通路特异性阻断剂SB203580以及用不同时间刺激正常大鼠肾小管上皮细胞NRK52E,分别检NRK52E细胞p38MAPK磷酸化水平和细胞外基质胶原Ⅲ的表达。 结果: 随D-葡萄糖浓度增加,p38MAPK磷酸化水平、胶原Ⅲ的产生也增加,SB203580可有效阻断高糖引起p38MAPK磷酸化水平的升高和细胞外基质胶原Ⅲ的表达的增高。 结论: 高糖引起p38MAPK磷酸化水平的升高可能在糖尿病肾病的肾间质纤维化中发挥重要作用。SB203580有潜在的糖尿病肾病防治的临床应用价值。 相似文献
109.
目的探讨人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)感染对体外培养肺成纤维细胞(HEL)中明胶酶活性的影响。方法体外培养HEL细胞感染HCMV,分为低感染复数(MOI)组及高MOI组,每组重复6例。明胶酶谱法检测HEL细胞中MMP-2及MMP-9的明胶酶活性,用半定量RT-PCR检测各组HEL细胞中MMP-9及TIMP-1的转录水平。结果在低MOI组及高MOI组HEL细胞中MMP-9及MMP-2活性均增强(P〈0.05),高MOI组MMP-9及MMP-2活性较低MOI组显著增加(P〈0.05)。进一步检查MMP-9及TIMP-1的mRNA水平发现,正常对照组HEL细胞中MMP-9及TIMP-1的mRNA处于一个较低的水平,HCMV感染使HEL细胞中MMP-9及TIMP-1的mRNA水平均明显升高(P〈0.05),低MOI组和高MOI组差异无统计学意义(P〉0.05)。在低MOI组及高MOI组,HEL细胞MMP-9/TIMP-1的比值和正常对照组相比明显升高(P〈0.05),表明MMP-9升高更为显著。高MOI组和低MOI组中MMP-9/TIMP-1的比值差异无统计学意义(P〉0.05)。结论HCMV感染可以造成MMP-9和TIMP-1转录和MMP-9/TIMP-1的失衡,同时造成MMP-9及MMP-2明胶酶活性增强,导致肺泡结构的破坏和肺纤维化的发生,这在CMV肺炎的发病机制中起着重要的作用。 相似文献
110.
MMP-2和TIMP-2在小细胞肺癌患者血清中的表达及其临床意义 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
目的:探讨基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)和金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-2(TIMP-2)在小细胞肺癌(SCLC)中的表达、两者相关性及临床病理意义。方法:采用放射免疫分析检测80例SCLC患者和35例正常人血清中的MMP-2、TIMP-2水平。结果:80例SCLC患者的MMP-2、TIMP-2血清水平明显高于正常对照组(P〈0.01);广泛期SCLC患者的血清MMP-2和TIMP-2明显高于局限期患者(P〈0.05)。结论:MMP-2和TIMP-2的高表达对SCLC的发生发展均起重要作用,两者表达水平与SCLC的浸润转移及恶性程度有关。 相似文献