Fat gram target to achieve high energy intake in cystic fibrosis

Higher fat and energy intakes confer a survival advantage in cystic fibrosis (CF). There is a need to develop effective nutrition programmes that ensure optimal energy intake in CF.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional measurement of clinical characteristics and energy and fat intakes in patients attending the CF outpatients clinic of the John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle was undertaken. Twenty-nine subjects, mean age 12 years (range 4.3–20.2), completed weighed food records to determine the contribution of fat to the percentage of the recommended energy intake obtained and to document use of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy.

Results:

Diets with a high percentage of energy derived from fat did not guarantee that individuals with CF met their energy requirements. Subjects with total fat intakes of 100 g per day or greater, however, achieved in excess of 110% recommended daily intake (RDI) for energy. Up to 47% of subjects consumed more pancreatic enzyme replacement capsules than shown to give maximum effectiveness.

Conclusion:

Setting a 100 g daily fat target is a realistic way of ensuring high energy intakes in CF. Fat ready reckoners would identify the fat content of food and prescribe specific numbers of pancreatic enzyme replacement capsules to be consumed with each meal or food item.     

Diet and the prevention of cancer

Cancer ranks as the second-leading cause of death in developed countries and diet has long been suspected as playing a prominent role in its etiology. As a result, a substantial amount of research has been devoted to this field of study. Given the epidemiologic and biologic credibility, it is reasonable to attempt to identify specific nutrients, foods, or combination of these that are causally related to the development of cancer. Various study designs have been employed to generate and test specific hypotheses. In this review, we approach the dietary prevention of cancer primarily from an epidemiologic perspective. We examine the growing body of evidence on dietary etiologic factors and explore the practical prospects for prevention of cancer overall. An attempt is also made to explain inconsistencies in the findings and provide ideas for future research efforts in this field.     

Risk Factors for Male Breast Cancer (United States)

Objectives: The etiology of male breast cancer is obscure, although an excess risk has been associated with Klinefelter syndrome, testicular disorders, benign breast disease including gynecomastia, use of exogenous estrogens, radiation, and a family history of male or female breast cancer. We conducted a case-control study to investigate risk factors further for breast cancer in men.Methods: Based on data from the 1986 National (United States) Mortality Followback Survey (NMFS) of almost 20,000 deceased adults (age 25 years or over), we compared information obtained from next-of-kin interviews of 178 men who died of breast cancer with that of 512 male controls who died of other causes. Information was obtained on selected demographic and other factors, including diet, exercise, occupation, height and weight, and use of tobacco and alcohol.Results: Increased risks were found for men who were described by their next-of-kin as very overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-5.0). The risks associated with the three upper quartiles of body mass index (BMI) (wt/ht²) were 1.3, 1.6, and 2.3, respectively, with a significant dose-response relationship (P < 0.01). An excess risk was also associated with limited exercise (OR = 1.3, CI = 0.8-2.0). Consumption of red meat was associated with an increased risk, and consumption of fruits and vegetables with a decreased risk, although the trends were not significant. No association was found for tobacco or alcohol use, but an excess risk was associated with higher levels of socioeconomic status (SES) (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.1-3.0).Conclusions: Our study suggests that obesity increases the risk of male breast cancer, possibly through hormonal mechanisms, while dietary factors, physical activity, and SES indicators also deserve further investigation. Cancer Causes andd Control 1998, 269-275     

Dietary factors and the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer among black and white men in the United States

Objectives: To investigate dietary factors for squamous cell esophageal cancer and whether these factors may contribute to the five-fold higher incidence of this cancer in the black versus white population of the United States.Methods: Data from a food frequency questionnaire were analyzed for 114 white men and 219 black men with squamous cell esophageal cancer, and 681 white and 557 black male controls from three areas of the United States who participated in a population-based case-control study of esophageal cancer.Results: Protective effects were associated with intake of raw fruits and vegetables (odds ratio for high versus low consumers=0.3 in both white and black men) and use of vitamin supplements (especially vitamin C; odds ratio for high versus low consumers=0.4 in both races), with the frequency of consumption of raw fruits and vegetables and vitamin supplements being greater for white than black controls. In addition, elevated risks were associated with high versus low intake of red meat (OR=2.7 for blacks and 1.5 for whites) and processed meat (OR=1.6 for blacks and 1.7 for whites), with the levels of consumption being greater for black than white controls.Conclusions: In the United States, these dietary factors may contribute in part to the much higher incidence of squamous cell esophageal cancer among black compared to white men.     

Evolution of atherogenic diets in South Asian and Italian women after migration to a higher risk region

BACKGROUND: To identify differences in the evolution of the diets of South Asian and Italian migrants, a cross-sectional, multiethnic study was undertaken in Glasgow, Scotland. METHODS: Five groups of women aged 20-42 years comprising general population (n = 35), South Asian migrants (n = 35) British-born controls (n = 37), Italian migrants (n = 30) and British-born (n = 38) participated in an interviewer administered structured questionnaire on issues relating to health, diet and food selection. Anthropometric measurements were made and subjects completed a 7-day weighed diet inventory. RESULTS: Compared with the general population, dietary differences were greatest amongst first generation migrant groups. There were major differences between the two migrant groups. South Asian migrants tended to display a more atherogenic profile (fat 42.4% energy, saturated fat 15.0% energy, vitamin C 5.1 mg per 1000 kJ) than the general population (fat 39.1% energy, saturated fat 13.5% energy, vitamin C 6.8 mg per 1000 kJ), and Italian migrants (fat 35.7% energy, saturated fat 12.1% energy, vitamin C 10.9 mg per 1000 kJ). However, South Asian groups had higher intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids which may be cardioprotective. CONCLUSIONS: South Asian migrants to Scotland appear to develop adverse dietary elements in the first generation, which are modified in subsequent generations, whereas Italians' diets remain cardioprotective in the migrant generation but deteriorate in subsequent generations.     

Aproteic diet decreases hypothalamic catecholamine turnover in adult male rats

Previous reports indicate that malnutrition reduces reproductive functions. We have demonstrated that protein deprivation in the diet also causes reproductive dysfunction by reducing hypothalamic GnRH secretion. Noradrenaline and nitric oxide are modulators of GnRH secretion. Noradrenaline stimulates GnRH secretion and nitric oxide inhibits catecholamine release. This work studies the hypothalamic catecholaminergic and nitrergic neuron activity in Wistar adult male rats fed on an aproteic diet (AP) during 21 days; this treatment was started when rats were 70 days old. Our first experiment studied catecholamine turnover rate after inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity by injecting (i.p.) 400 mg/kg alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Our second experiment studied in vitro hypothalamic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in animals under the same diet. AP diet significantly decreased both noradrenaline (P<0.05) and dopamine (P<0.05) hypothalamic turnover rate. Noradrenaline turnover in cerebral cortex was not altered by the aproteic diet. However, hypothalamic NOS activity was not affected in animals fed on an AP diet. These results indicate that the lack of protein in the diet reduces catecholaminergic neuron activity in adult male rats by a NO-independent mechanism, thus suggesting that a decrease in noradrenergic activity may be involved in the reduction of GnRH secretion induced by an AP diet.     

2000年中国总膳食样品中六六六和滴滴涕污染的溯源性分析

通过对 2 0 0 0年总膳食样品中有机氯农药残留分析 ,发现南方二区和北方一区水产类样品六六六高残留。由两个地区分省的聚类样品溯源分析 ,结果发现湖北省鳊鱼六六六含量为 4 0 0 6 0 μg kg ,为南方二区水产类六六六含量的 88 8% ,黑龙江省鲤鱼六六六含量为 6 30 96 μg kg,为北方一区水产类六六六含量的90 3% ,这是造成两个地区水产类六六六高残留的主要原因。由六六六异构体构成比例及GC MS的确证分析提示 ,两个地区的水产类样品受到林丹的污染。本研究表明我国某些地区存在违规使用林丹的现象。为保证我国居民膳食安全性 ,加强六六六和滴滴涕残留监测仍是我国食品安全领域的长期任务     

住院病人膳食服务管理系统的开发研制

本文阐述了应用掌上电脑核心技术和数据库技术开发的住院病人膳食服务管理系统的基本实现方案     

经济转型期的膳食营养和慢性病预防——挑战和机遇并存

据世界卫生组织统计，在2001年非传染性慢性疾病，包括肥胖、糖尿病、心血管病、高血压、脑血管病和某些肿瘤等导致的死亡已占全球5650万例死亡的60％，占全球疾病负担的46％。估计到2020年，慢性病负担将增加到57％。慢性病死亡的一半归因于心血管病，肥胖和糖尿病也呈增加趋势。非传染性慢性疾病不仅是经济     

GSTM1基因多态及膳食因素与肺癌关系的研究

目的 研究谷胱苷肽硫转移酶M1(GSTMl)基因多态性及膳食因素与广州地区肺癌发生的关系。方法 采用成组病例-对照研究方法，病例58例，对照62例，制定统一的调查表进行调查，用PCR检测GSTM1基因多态性。结果 GSTM1基因多态性与肺癌危险性关系无显著性差异(OR1．73，95％CI0．84～3．58)；Logistic单因素分析显示：胡萝卜摄入频率与肺癌发生的危险性呈负相关(OR0．24，95％CI0．10～0．58)，而用动物油脂炒菜与肺癌的发生呈正相关(OR5．34，95％CI1．13～20．16)。非条件logistic多因素回归分析校正吸烟等非膳食烹调因素后，胡萝卜摄入频率(OR0．18，95％C10．05～0．65)仍与肺癌发生负相关；不常吃胡萝卜联合GSTM1缺失发生肺癌的危险性显著增加(OR6．30，95％CI1．88～21．05)。结论 GSTM1基因单独作用时与肺癌关系不明显；用动物油脂炒菜显著增加肺癌发生的危险性。常摄入胡萝卜可显著降低肺癌发生危险性。GSTM1基因多态性与胡萝卜摄入间存在协同作用。