利拉鲁肽极化M2型巨噬细胞改善非酒精性脂肪肝的机制

目的：探讨利拉鲁肽改善2型糖尿病伴随的非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）的作用机制。方法：小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组和利拉鲁肽组3组,每组15只。模型组和利拉鲁肽组采用高糖高脂饲料联合小剂量链脲佐菌素的方法,构建2型糖尿病NAFLD的小鼠模型,利拉鲁肽组皮下注射利拉鲁肽（100 μg/kg）,每日1次,连续4周。检测各组小鼠的体质量、肝指数、ALT、AST和TG指标;HE染色及油红O染色观察肝组织病理改变;ELISA法检测血清中IL-4和IL-10的含量;流式细胞术检测M2型巨噬细胞比例;RT-PCR检测IL-4、IL-10、CD206、CD301、MGL-1、MGL-2和Arg-1 mRNA表达。结果：与模型组比,利拉鲁肽组小鼠体质量、肝指数、TG、AST和ALT均明显下降,肝组织中脂肪变性减轻,M2型巨噬细胞比例显著上升（P＜0.001）,IL-4、IL-10蛋白表达显著上升（P＜0.05）,IL-4、IL-10、CD206、CD301、MGL-1、MGL-2和Arg-1 mRNA表达也显著上升（P＜0.01）。结论：利拉鲁肽对2型糖尿病NAFLD具有保护作用,其机制可能与促进IL-4和IL-10的表达,极化M2型巨噬细胞有关。     

Liraglutide: once-daily GLP-1 agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

What is known and Objective: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide. Over the recent years, new discoveries have led to the development of new pharmacological agents targeting the incretin hormones gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1). These agents, called incretin‐mimetics, are the newest agents added to the diabetes treatment options. The purpose of this article is to review the relevant literature on the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, clinical trials, safety, drug interactions and place in therapy of liraglutide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Methods: An extensive search of the literature was performed with liraglutide and NN2211 as key terms. This article presents a review of the literature related to the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and safety and efficacy of liraglutide. Results and Discussion: Liraglutide, a subcutaneously administered GLP‐1 agonist, displays phamacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties that allow for once‐daily administration. The agent has been shown to be efficacious as monotherapy, as well as in combination with glimperide, metformin and/or rosiglitazone, reducing glycoslyated haemoglobin (A1C) between 0·84% and 1·5%. The primary adverse event reported with liraglutide is transient nausea. What is new and conclusion: Liraglutide has been well studied in dual and triple combination therapies with sulfonylureas, metformin and rosiglitazone and appears safe and effective. For patients who cannot tolerate first‐line agents, metformin, insulin and sulfonylureas, liraglutide is a reasonable treatment option.     

胰高糖素样肽-1受体激动剂对甲状腺乳头状癌细胞生长和增殖的影响

目的:探讨甲状腺癌细胞中胰高糖素样肽-1（Glucagon like peptide-1,GLP-1）受体的表达情况,及其对癌细胞生长和增殖的影响。方法:Western blot法检测甲状腺乳头状癌（Papillary thyroid cancer,PTC）细胞系GLP-1受体表达情况。采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝法（MTT）评价两种GLP-1受体激动剂艾塞那肽和利拉鲁肽处理后细胞增殖情况。Western blot法测定细胞中蛋白激酶B（Protein kinase B,Akt）及细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶1/2（Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,Erk1/2）等细胞信号通路相关蛋白的表达。结果:PTC细胞系BCPAP、TPC-1中均可检测到GLP-1受体的表达。艾塞那肽和利拉鲁肽分别以1nmol/L、10noml/L和100nmol/L作用于细胞24h、48h和72h后,实验组细胞增殖率与对照组相比无统计学差异。不同浓度艾塞那肽和利拉鲁肽作用细胞24h后,实验组Akt和Erk蛋白表达水平及其磷酸化程度与对照组相比无统计学差异。结论:人甲状腺乳头状癌细胞中有GLP-1受体的表达。但是,GLP-1受体激动剂对甲状腺癌细胞的增殖无明显促进作用。同时,GLP-1受体激动剂对与细胞增殖密切相关的Akt和Erk通路无明显作用。     

Effects of liraglutide on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes

We investigated the short‐term effect of adding liraglutide 1.8 mg once daily to insulin treatment on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes. In total, 100 overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) adult patients (age ≥18 years) with type 1 diabetes and HbA1c ≥ 8% (64 mmol/mol) were randomized to liraglutide 1.8 mg or placebo added to insulin treatment in a 24‐week double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial. At baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment, 24‐hour blood pressure and heart rate, pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity and carotid intima‐media thickness were evaluated. Compared with placebo, liraglutide increased 24‐hour heart rate by 4.6 beats per minute (BPM); P = .0015, daytime heart rate by 3.7; P = .0240 and night‐time heart rate by 7.5 BPM; P < .001 after 24 weeks. Diastolic nocturnal blood pressure increased by 4 mm Hg; P = .0362 in the liraglutide group compared with placebo. In conclusion, in patients with long‐standing type 1 diabetes, liraglutide as add‐on to insulin increased heart rate and did not improve other cardiovascular risk factors after 24 weeks of treatment.     

Liraglutide acutely suppresses glucagon,lipolysis and ketogenesis in type 1 diabetes

In view of the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis associated with the use of sodium‐glucose transport protein‐2 inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and the relative absence of this complication in patients treated with liraglutide in spite of reductions in insulin doses, we investigated the effect of liraglutide on ketogenesis. Twenty‐six patients with inadequately controlled T1DM were randomly divided into 2 groups of 13 patients each. After an overnight fast, patients were injected, subcutaneously, with either liraglutide 1.8 mg or with placebo. They were maintained on their basal insulin infusion and were followed up in our clinical research unit for 5 hours. The patients injected with placebo maintained their glucose and glucagon concentrations without an increase, but there was a significant increase in free fatty acids (FFA), acetoacetate and β‐hydoxybutyrate concentrations. In contrast, liraglutide significantly reduced the increase in FFA, and totally prevented the increase in acetoacetate and β‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations while suppressing glucagon and ghrelin concentrations. Thus, a single dose of liraglutide is acutely inhibitory to ketogenesis.     

Preventing progression from gestational diabetes mellitus to diabetes: A thought‐filled review

Women with a history of gestational diabetes are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. In studies with long periods of follow‐up, diabetes incidence of up to 70% has been reported. The appropriate follow‐up of women following a pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes has not been studied. Published guidelines recommend that obstetrician/gynaecologists, who are often the de facto primary care physicians for these otherwise healthy young women, incorporate glucose monitoring in the post‐partum period into their annual examinations. In reality, reported rates of screening have been low. There is also no clear evidence for any beneficial interventions to prevent diabetes in patients with prior history of gestational diabetes. Lifestyle intervention programmes for diabetes prevention among these patients yielded disappointing results. Metformin, pioglitazone, liraglutide, and bariatric surgery are possible options but based on inadequate data. There remains a need for randomized, placebo‐controlled studies to evaluate various pharmacologic treatments, with and without lifestyle interventions, to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with a history of gestational diabetes.     

治疗肥胖症药——利拉鲁肽

利拉鲁肽(liraglutide,商品名SAXENDA)是由丹麦诺和诺德公司研制的用于肥胖治疗的人胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)类似物。至2014年12月,FDA批准作为治疗慢性肥胖的药物后,2015年1月欧洲药品管理局(EMA)人用医药产品委员会(CHMP)也已建议批准。在长期临床试验表明,利拉鲁肽(3mg)结合饮食和锻炼,能够有效减轻患者体重,同时也显著改善了肥胖相关合并症,是目前唯一的减肥针剂。笔者从利拉鲁肽的基本信息、作用机制、药动学、药效学、临床试验、不良反应及国内研发动态等方面进行评述,希望能给医院临床合理用药提供帮助。     

利拉鲁肽对人HepG2肝细胞脂代谢的影响及作用机制

目的:建立HepG2肝细胞脂肪变性模型,了解利拉鲁肽是否可改善HepG2细胞内脂代谢状态,并对相关机制进行初步探讨?方法:软脂酸钠诱导建立HepG2肝细胞脂肪变性模型,并给予利拉鲁肽干预?油红O染色确定HepG2肝细胞脂肪变性模型的建立?Western blot检测HepG2 中脂质合成和分解关键酶蛋白水平的变化情况及HepG2 中PI3K信号通路活化情况?采用PI3K信号通路抑制剂预处理HepG2 细胞,观察PI3K信号通路在软脂酸钠诱导建立HepG2肝细胞脂肪变性中的作用?结果:油红O染色结果显示模型建立成功?Western blot结果显示,软脂酸钠诱导可显著升高HepG2中固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(sterol regulatory element-binding protein1c,SREBP1c)?脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)的蛋白水平,降低脂肪甘油三酯脂酶(adipose triglyceride lipase,ATGL)的蛋白水平(P < 0.01),并上调HepG2中PI3K信号通路活化水平;与软脂酸钠组相比,利拉鲁肽干预可显著降低HepG2中SREBP1c?FAS 的蛋白水平,升高ATGL的蛋白水平,并抑制HepG2中PI3K信号通路活化水平;阻断HepG2中的PI3K信号通路后,软脂酸钠诱导HepG2脂肪变性的能力显著降低(P < 0.01)?结论:利拉鲁肽可通过调节HepG2中的PI3K信号通路,进而改善HepG2细胞的脂代谢情况?