Predictors of functional disability in rheumatoid arthritis: results from a 13-year prospective study

Purpose. To explore the role of distress and social support as modifiers of functional disability in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We hypothesized that: (a) higher inflammatory activity, more joint tenderness and more pain lead to more disability, and (b) that more distress and less social support lead to more disability and accelerate the disablement process by moderating the effects of inflammatory activity, joint tenderness and pain.

Methods. The study is a Dutch extension of the European Research on Incapacitating Diseases and Social Support (EURIDISS) which started with 292 patients. After five waves of data collection 129 still participated. Correlational and hierarchical regression analyses were performed.

Results. In short-term RA, 68% of the variance in disability could be explained primarily by mean disability over the prior years. Other important predictors were inflammatory activity and pain. In long-term RA, 56% of the variance in disability could be explained primarily by mean disability over the prior years. Other important predictors were joint tenderness and pain. No clear moderator effects of distress and social support were found in short-term or long-term RA.

Conclusions. The results confirm the main pathway from pathology to disability in short-term and long-term RA, but do not provide support for the influence of distress and social support on the disablement process.     

不同吸痰方式对急性呼吸窘迫综合征血流动力学影响的实验研究

目的研究更适宜急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)机械通气气管内吸痰的方式。方法采用静脉注射油酸制备动物ARDS模型;每只犬随机选择使用开放式气管内吸痰(OS)和密闭式气管内吸痰(CS)2种吸痰方式。于吸痰前后记录血流动力学等监测指标的数据。结果OS和CS后,犬平均肺动脉压(MPAP)与吸痰前比较均明显升高(P<0.05);OS后平均动脉压(MAP)显著升高(P<0.05)。结论OS、CS均可影响血流动力学的稳定。本研究提示,在护理工作中,对ARDS机械通气者应重视吸痰引起的继发性损害,加强吸痰前后血流动力学等监测。     

Assessment of cognitive self-statements during marital problem solving: A comparison of two methods

Twenty maritally distressed couples (DC) and 20 nondistressed couples (NDC) were recruited and asked to undertake 10 minutes of problem-solving discussions, which were videotaped. Each individual partner's cognitive self-statements during the interaction were assessed using two methods: videoassisted recall (VR) and thought listing (TL). Reported cognitions from each method were content-analyzed and classified into five categories: partnerreferent positive, partner-referent negative, self-referent positive, self-referent negative, and other. Proportions of reported cognitions falling into each category were analyzed in two separate two-way MANOVAs (marital distress/nondistress ×sex) for the VR and TL measures. Results of each MANOVA indicated a highly significant effect of marital distress on cognitions, and a significant effect of sex on the VR but not the TL measure. Discriminant analyses showed that the VR and TL methods both discriminated between DC and NDC groups. Post hoc univariate ANOVAs indicated that DC had significantly higher proportions of negative partner-referent cognitions, and lower proportions of positive partner-referent cognitions, than NDC while problem solving. The relative merits of each cognitive assessment method, and their potential use in increasing marital therapy effectiveness, are discussed.     

Pulmonary function and health-related quality of life in a sample of long-term survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Objective: We performed a follow-up cohort analysis in order to delineate the correlation between pulmonary function (PF) and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients after ARDS.¶Design: Follow-up cohort study.¶Setting: A 20-bed ICU of a university teaching hospital.¶Patients: A cohort of 50 long-term survivors of ARDS.¶Measurements and results: Measurements of PF (FVC, FEV₁, TLC, D_LCO) and HRQL (SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire) were made 5.5 years (median value) after discharge from the ICU. Impairments in PF (defined as PF results below 80 % of the predicted value) were frequent but generally mild. Twenty patients had a single PF impairment (with limitations in FEV1/FVC ratio in 12 patients being the most common), four patients had two (with D_LCO and FEV1/FVC ratio impairment the most common) and three patients had pathologic results in three PF tests (FEV₁/FVC ratio, TLC and capillary pO₂ during exercise in one case, FVC, TLC and capillary pO₂ during exercise in the second patient and FVC, TLC and D_LCO in the third). Compared to normal controls, survivors of ARDS showed impairments in all SF-36 health dimensions (p < 0.001). Patients with multiple (> 1) PF impairments described the lowest HRQL with major limitations in all SF-36 categories (p < 0.037) including physical and mental summary scores (36.5 vs 46.9, p = 0.037 and 31.3 vs 51.4, p = 0.003) when compared to patients with no or only one PF impairment.¶Conclusions: Long-term survivors of ARDS have a significant reduction in HRQL and the presence of multiple PF impairments is associated with maximal decrements in HRQL.     

高海拔地区急性呼吸窘迫综合征和多器官功能障碍综合征诊断标准的研究--附高海拔地区急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断标准重修意见稿

目的：判别高海拔地区急性呼吸窘迫综合征（H－ARDS）和多脏器功能障碍综合征（H－MODS）诊断指标参数和平原的差异，重估原H－ARDS诊断标准（1999年兰州会议）的实用性和可操作性。方法：将资料齐全且符合庐山、Marshall ARDS/MODS诊断标准的360例患者，根据所在海拔高度分为平原对照组（CG，n=93),≥1517m高度组（H1G，n=223),2261-2400m高度组（H2G，n=44)。3组均按庐山、Marshall和自拟ARDS／MODS的标准（简称兰州标准）建成3个标准数据模型，绘制ROC曲线。根据曲线下面积、最佳截断点对比3个标准在不同海拔梯度上预测ARDS／MODS结局的准确性。结果：用庐山标准验证CG组ROC下面积、敏感度、特异度优于Marshall标准，两者相比ROC下面积、敏感度、特异度依次为0．823、0．833、0．731比0．815、0．767、0．763；但用于验证高海拔区如H2G则庐山标准明显低于兰州标准，两标准的ROC下面积、敏感度、特异度依次为0．855、0．583、0．969比0．914、1．000、0．657；氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2)的最佳界值在CG、H1G和H2G依次为198．32mmHg、131.50mmHg、97.58mmHg；3组ARDS／MODS按平原标准评分分级，CG比较均匀分布在1－3级，而H1G和H2G的病例多集中在3级，多构成比χ^2检验，P＜0．000。结论：（1）高海拔地区ARDS诊断标准与平原地区有明显差异，海拔高度≥1517m的兰州地区可能在区分平原与高原ARDS诊断标准是上一个有意义的分界线。已建立的H－ARDS诊断标准参数符合本地区实际，基本可行，参数范围仍宽，建议适度修改。MODS各项指标虽与平原有不同的变化趋向，但样本量较少，标准有待进一步完善。     

Associations between maternal mental health and early child wheezing in a South African birth cohort

Background

Wheezing in early childhood is common and has been identified in high‐income countries (HIC) as associated with maternal antenatal or postnatal psychosocial risk factors. However, the association between maternal mental health and childhood wheezing has not been well studied in low and middle‐income countries (LMIC), such as South Africa.

Methods

A total of 1137 pregnant women over 18 year old, between 20 and 28 weeks’ gestation, and attending either of two catchment area clinics were enrolled in a South African parent study, the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS). Psychosocial risk factors including maternal depression, psychological distress, early adversity, and intimate partner violence (IPV), were measured antenatally and postnatally by validated questionnaires. Two outcomes were evaluated: Presence of wheeze (at least one episode of child wheeze during the first 2 years of life); and recurrent wheeze (two or more episodes of wheezing in a 12‐month period). Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between antenatal or postnatal psychosocial risk factors and child wheeze, adjusting for clinical and socio‐demographic covariates.

Results

Postnatal psychological distress and IPV were associated with both presence of wheeze (adjusted OR = 2.09, 95%CI: 1.16‐3.77 and 1.63, 95%CI: 1.13‐2.34, respectively), and recurrent child wheeze (adjusted OR = 2.26, 95%CI: 1.06‐4.81 and 2.20, 95%CI: 1.35‐3.61, respectively).

Conclusion

Maternal postnatal psychological distress and IPV were associated with wheezing in early childhood. Thus, screening and treatment programs to address maternal psychosocial risk factors may be potential strategies to reduce the burden of childhood wheeze in LMICs.

     

允许性高碳酸血症治疗ARDS对肺力学的影响

目的探讨允许性高碳酸血症(PHC)对重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)肺力学及血流动力学的影响。方法观察不同潮气量(VT)时,30例重度ARDS患者肺气体交换、肺力学的改变。结果当VT从15ml/kg降至6ml/kg时,病人均出现PHC,动脉血氧分压、氧饱和度和混合静脉血氧饱和度显著降低(P<0.05)。PHC时,气道压力显著降低,气道阻力明显增高(P<0.05)。静态肺压力-容积曲线高位转折点对应的压力为(22.2±1.9)cmH2O,容积为10ml/kg。结论在实施PHC时,只有当气道平台压<20~25cmH2O时才有可能避免肺泡过度膨胀,减少呼吸机相关性肺损伤。     

Psychological distress and cardiovascular disease: results from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey.

AIMS: The objective of this study was to examine the burden of psychological distress among individuals with different forms of heart disease in a large representative sample of adults. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data were obtained from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey, which is a large annual survey of the US non-institutionalized civilian population. Psychological distress was assessed with a standardized questionnaire (K6) and heart disease diagnoses were based on self-report. Among non-diseased individuals, the estimated prevalence of psychological distress was 2.8%, whereas the estimates were 10, 6.4, and 4.1% among those with congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction (MI), and coronary heart disease (CHD), respectively. Over 1 million individuals with one or more of these conditions are estimated to experience psychological distress. However, only 31-35% of the participants with heart disease and psychological distress have visited a mental health professional. The logistic regression model results indicate that MI (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4-3.0) and CHF (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.8-5.1) are significantly associated with psychological distress. CONCLUSION: These findings imply that psychological distress is a significant comorbidity of cardiovascular disease. Other investigations have demonstrated a link between psychological distress and morbidity and mortality. Taken together, these findings provide the impetus for future investigations that assess the role that a medical and mental health care professional intervention may have in altering these outcomes when targeted at this distress.     

低分子量肝素对肺损伤所致呼吸窘迫疗效评价

目的探讨应用低分子量肝素治疗肺损伤所致呼吸窘迫的临床疗效及对凝血机制影响。方法将我院ICU住院治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者74例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组35例和观察组39例,对照组给予抗感染、原发病病因综合治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上,给予低分子量肝素。比较两组患者治疗前后血气分析指标、凝血指标对比,观察两组平均住院ICU时间、平均机械通气时间及28d病死率、并发症及不良反应。结果观察组治疗7 d后氧合指数、动脉血二氧化碳、APACHEⅡ、呼吸频率与对照组相对比,P0.05;治疗前后PLT、APTT、FIB无明显变化,观察组PT值治疗后显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组平均住院ICU、机械通气时间对比,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组28 d病死率低于对照组,但无明显差异(P0.05)。结论低分子量肝素治疗肺损伤所致呼吸窘迫疗效显著,减轻患者炎症反应,具有良好的安全性。