Effect of methylphenidate treatment on appetite and levels of leptin,ghrelin, adiponectin,and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

Objectives. We aimed to explore whether the use of methylphenidate relates leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, the relationship between methylphenidate-related weight loss in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and these biomolecules were evaluated. Methods. Thirty ADHD patients receiving methylphenidate and 20 healthy controls were included. Leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and BDNF levels were measured at baseline and after two-month treatment in both groups. Results. At baseline, leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and BDNF levels were similar in the ADHD and control groups. The most common adverse events occurring in the ADHD group after a 2-month treatment period included loss of appetite (70%) and weight loss (66.7%). A significant difference was found in body weight, BMI, and CGI scores of the ADHD patients after the treatment. While post-treatment ghrelin and adiponectin levels were significantly higher in the ADHD group, BDNF level was significantly lower. Post-treatment decrease in leptin levels was not significant. Conclusions. Leptin and BDNF were not associated with poor appetite and/or weight loss due to methylphenidate treatment. However, ghrelin and adiponectin might be biomolecules that play a role in underlying neurobiological mechanisms of methylphenidate-related appetite or weight loss.     

双镜联合保胆取石术前后血清瘦素变化与结石复发的相关性研究

目的 探究血清瘦素变化与保胆取石术后结石复发的相关性。方法 回顾性分析43例于该院住院并接受双镜联合保胆取石术的患者的临床资料,以体重指数（BMI） = 24 kg/m²为标准,分为超重组（BMI ≥ 24 kg/m²,n = 21）和正常体重组（BMI < 24 kg/m²,n = 22）;统计分析两组患者的一般情况、手术前后及术后药物干预后血清瘦素水平、手术前后血脂［血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TAG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）等］指标、术后结石复发情况。结果 术前：超重组TAG和LDL高于正常体重组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;超重组血清瘦素高于正常体重组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。术后：超重组TAG和LDL水平高于正常体重组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;超重组血清瘦素高于正常体重组,但差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。超重组术前HDL、TC、TAG和LDL等血脂水平与术后比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;术后血清瘦素水平明显低于术前,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。两组患者术后口服牛磺熊去氧胆酸胶囊6个月,超重组血清瘦素高于正常体重组,但差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;术后随访期间,超重组结石复发1例,正常体重组无结石复发病例,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 血清瘦素在双镜联合保胆取石术后明显降低,术后口服牛磺熊去氧胆酸胶囊6个月亦无明显增高,术后结石复发病例少,血清瘦素可能作为保胆取石术后结石复发的相关检测指标,对于术后结石复发的诊治具有重要意义。     

Leptin favors Th17/Treg cell subsets imbalance associated with allergic asthma severity

BackgroundObesity has often been associated with severe allergic asthma (AA). Here, we analyzed the frequency of different circulating CD4⁺T‐cell subsets from lean, overweight and obese AA patients.MethodsMononuclear cells from peripheral blood were obtained from 60 AA patients and the frequency of different CD4⁺T‐cell subsets and type 1 regulatory B cells (Br1) was determined by cytometry. The effect of obese‐related leptin dose on cytokine production and Treg cell function in AA‐derived CD4⁺ T cell cultures was evaluated by ELISA and 3H thymidine uptake, respectively. Leptin levels were quantified in the plasma by ELISA. According to the BMI, patients were stratified as lean, overweight and obese.ResultsAA severity, mainly among obese patients, was associated with an expansion of hybrid Th2/Th17 and Th17‐like cells rather than classic Th2‐like cells. On the other hand, the frequencies of Th1‐like, Br1 cells and regulatory CD4⁺ T‐cell subsets were lower in patients with severe AA. While percentages of the hybrid Th2/Th17 phenotype and Th17‐like cells positively correlated with leptin levels, the frequencies of regulatory CD4⁺ T‐cell subsets and Br1 cells negatively correlated with this adipokine. Interestingly, the obesity‐related leptin dose not only elevated Th2 and Th17 cytokine levels, but also directly reduced the Treg function in CD4⁺ T cell cultures from lean AA patients.ConclusionIn summary, our results indicated that obesity might increase AA severity by favoring the expansion of Th17‐like and Th2/Th17 cells and decreasing regulatory CD4⁺T cell subsets, being adverse effects probably mediated by leptin overproduction.     

Thylakoids suppress appetite by increasing cholecystokinin resulting in lower food intake and body weight in high‐fat fed mice

Thylakoids are membranes isolated from plant chloroplasts which have previously been shown to inhibit pancreatic lipase/colipase catalysed hydrolysis of fat in vitro and induce short‐term satiety in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to examine if dietary supplementation of thylakoids could affect food intake and body weight during long‐term feeding in mice. Female apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice were fed a high‐fat diet containing 41% of fat by energy with and without thylakoids for 100 days. Mice fed the thylakoid‐enriched diet had suppressed food intake, body weight gain and body fat compared with the high‐fat fed control mice. Reduced serum glucose, serum triglyceride and serum free fatty acid levels were found in the thylakoid‐treated animals. The satiety hormone cholecystokinin was elevated, suggesting this hormone mediates satiety. Leptin levels were reduced, reflecting a decreased fat mass. There was no sign of desensitization in the animals treated with thylakoids. The results suggest that thylakoids are useful to suppress appetite and body weight gain when supplemented to a high‐fat food during long‐term feeding. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potential therapies based on antidiabetic peptides

Since adipose tissue was shown to be more than a storage organ, the many cytokines it produces have been identified, along with their roles in energy homeostasis, appetite, and insulin resistance. Concurrently, numerous gut hormones with a diversity of effects have been discovered. They include, amongst many others, peptide YY, ghrelin and oxyntomodulin. As these peptides have been investigated, the potential for their use as novel anti-obesity and antidiabetic therapies has been realized. In this chapter we describe the actions of four of the peptides that have been proposed as the basis for promising new therapies for diabetes: leptin, adiponectin, obestatin and peptide YY. They each have an effect on appetite and, directly or indirectly, on glucose metabolism. We synthesize available data for these peptides and consider the therapeutic potential of each.     

肥胖机制及中医药防治肥胖症的研究进展

肥胖症 (obesity)是一组常见的病症。目前认为 ,体内脂肪量是根据调定点 (setpoint)水平进行生理调节 ,主要信息物质有脂肪细胞分泌的肥胖基因 (ob基因 )产物苗条素 (leptin)和胰岛素。其治疗原则为补虚泻实 ,平衡阴阳。用中医药方法治疗肥胖已取得了显著成效 ,因其疗效高且安且无毒副作用而受到广大病人的欢迎。     

多囊卵巢综合征高雄激素血症患者瘦素水平的检测及评价

目的探讨多囊卵巢综合征高雄激素血症进行患者瘦素(Leptin)水平及其与睾酮(T)、体重指数(BMI)的关系.方法采用放射免疫分析法(RIA)检测53例PCOS患者血清瘦素水平,其中非肥胖组PCOS患者36例,正常对照30例;肥胖组PCOS患者17例,正常对照20例.结果肥胖组及非肥胖组PCOS高雄激素血症患者血清瘦素水平均明显高于相当体重指数的正常对照组,有显著差异(p均＜0.01);两组瘦素水平分别与其睾酮水平进行相关性分析,均显著正相关(r=0.51,p＜0.01和r=0.58,p＜0.01);非肥胖组PCOS患者血清瘦素水平与其BMI相关分析显示,无相关性;肥胖组PCOS患者血清瘦素水平与其BMI进行相关分析,显著正相关(p=0.56,p＜0.01).结论高瘦素血症是PCOS患者的内分泌特征之一,PCOS高雄激素血症的形成与高瘦素水平有关;超重或肥胖的PCOS高雄激素血症患者存在瘦素抵抗现象.     

Relationships between the serum levels of soluble leptin receptor and free and bound leptin in non-pregnant women of reproductive age and women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the serum levels of soluble leptin receptor (SLEPR), and total, free and bound leptin, and the change in the serum SLEPR level during an IVF cycle. METHODS: Serum concentrations of leptin and SLEPR were measured in 50 Japanese women of reproductive age, and 20 patients participating in an IVF programme. The total leptin was fractionated into free and bound portions by gel filtration chromatography. RESULTS: The SLEPR level was negatively correlated with the body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.548, P < 0.0001), total leptin (r = -0.433, P < 0.0001), the percentage of free leptin (r = -0.732, P < 0.0001) and the absolute free leptin concentration (r = -0.506, P < 0.0001). The SLEPR level was positively correlated with the percentage of bound leptin (r = 0.730, P < 0.0001), whereas there was little variation in the absolute bound leptin concentration, regardless of the BMI or SLEPR concentration. During the IVF cycle, total and free leptin elevated during maximal ovarian stimulation, whereas there was no significant difference in the SLEPR concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate a skillful mechanism where a change in the serum SLEPR level regulates, in part, the biological activity of leptin in the circulation.     

Incidence of diabetes and serum adipokines in Catalonian men. The ADIPOCAT study

Aims. To investigate the relationship of body mass index and serum adipokines with incidence of diabetes in men. Material and methods. Ten-year cohort study of a random population sample of 1011 men aged 35–69 years from the MONICA-Catalonia survey (1986–1988). WHO-MONICA protocol and the US Hispanic NHANES diabetes questionnaire were applied. Fasting serum glucose and lipids were measured by enzymatic methods, adipokines and insulin by Luminex xMAP technology,and hs-CRP by nephelometry in stored baseline samples (–80°C). Type2 diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥?7.0 mmol/L or diagnosed diabetes. Incident diabetes was defined as absence of these criteria at baseline but presence at re-examination. Cox regression analysis was used. Results. Incidence of diabetes (n =?85) was 10.3/1000 person-years, increasing significantly with BMI but decreasing by quartiles of adiponectin. Incidence increased above median BMI and glucose (45.3/1000 person-years, OR =?19.97). Log-adiponectin associated with reduced risk of diabetes after multivariate adjustment (HR =?0.24, 95% CI 0.08–0.72), with significant modification of this effect by baseline glycaemia. C-reactive protein was not a significant factor. Leptin lost strength when adjusted for BMI. Conclusions. In a population with relatively high diabetes incidence, BMI and glucose were strong risk factors, while adiponectin protected against diabetes, especially in men with high glycaemic level.     

瘦素及其受体在椎间盘组织的表达及意义

目的探讨瘦素及其受体在椎间盘组织表达及意义。方法采用免疫组织化学技术检测正常椎间盘(21个)与退变椎间盘(39个)组织中瘦素及其受体的表达,用免疫细胞化学技术检测体外培养的纤维环细胞中瘦素及其受体的表达。结果退变椎间盘组织中瘦素及其受体的表达高于正常椎间盘组织,差异有显著性(t=3.223、5.553,P<0.05)。体外培养的纤维环细胞中可以检测到瘦素及其受体表达。结论椎间盘组织存在瘦素及其受体;瘦素可能在椎间盘退变中发挥作用。