膝关节韧带的生物力学研究进展

膝关节韧带的生物力学是近年来研究的热点之一,力学刺激对调控韧带功能、韧带组织愈合和重建有着重要的作用,作者从膝关节韧带的结构、力学与生化特点、愈合与重建、施加应力与制动对韧带的影响、应力对韧带细胞分化的影响和前交叉韧带与内侧副韧带的对比研究等方面综述了近年来的一些研究进展。     

杜仲及其有效成分治疗膝骨关节炎的作用机制研究现状

膝骨关节炎（KOA）是中老年常见的退行性关节疾病,发病率随着人口老龄化程度加深及肥胖人群增加而不断增加,严重影响患者健康及日常生活。目前采用的非甾体类抗炎药、软骨保护类药物、阿片类镇痛药等对症治疗手段作用有限,且药物不良反应明显。杜仲是治疗KOA常用且有效的中药之一,但其作用机制和药效物质基础尚未明确,限制了其在临床更为广泛的运用。杜仲在KOA治疗领域的有效成分主要为环烯醚萜类（京尼平苷、杜仲苷/桃叶珊瑚苷）、木脂素类（松脂醇二葡萄糖苷）、黄酮类（槲皮素、紫云英苷、黄芩素、金丝桃苷、山柰酚）、苯丙素类（绿原酸）、杜仲多糖等化合物,他们主要通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、核转录因子-κB、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B及等Janus激酶1/信号转导和转录激活因子3等信号通路,来调节炎性因子水平、抗氧化应激反应、保护软骨细胞、平衡细胞外基质合成与降解等,控制KOA病情进展。该文对杜仲及其有效成分在KOA治疗方面的作用机制进行了综述,以期为KOA新药研发提供理论依据。     

中药调控膝骨关节炎相关信号通路的研究进展

随着中医药对膝骨关节炎（KOA）研究的不断深入,现代学者发现诸多中药可从分子层面干预信号通路延缓膝骨关节炎的进展。文中所述中药及其活性成分在干预膝骨关节炎的机制中与信号通路有着密切关系。中药及有效成分可在不同信号通路的传导下调控相应的靶向分子水平,抑制软骨炎性因子、细胞凋亡、软骨基质降解及促进软骨细胞自噬,以达到减轻滑膜炎性水肿和延缓软骨退变的目的。现对国内外中药干预KOA的研究进行系统性总结：黄芩素等可通过阻断磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B（PI3K/Akt）信号通路,减少软骨细胞炎性因子、凋亡及促进自噬;山茱萸新苷Ⅰ等成分降低Janus激酶2/信号转导和转录激活因子3（JAK2/STAT3）通路磷酸化活性改善滑膜炎症、延缓软骨基质退变;丹酚酸A等中药活性成分可通过抑制核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）通路磷酸化,减轻炎症与软骨基质降解;大黄素等有效成分可降低Wnt/β-连环蛋白（Wnt/β-catenin）通路活性,抑制胶原蛋白与蛋白多糖分解;肉豆蔻苷等通过阻断p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38 MAPK）信号传导,抑制细胞凋亡;木通皂苷D等可增强核因子E₂相关因子2/血红素加氧酶1（Nrf2/HO-1）通路活性,抑制软骨细胞氧化应激;牛膝总皂苷等通过增强转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）/Smad信号传导,减少软骨基质降解;藏红花素通过激发河马/Yes相关蛋白（Hippo/YAP）活性抑制软骨炎症与凋亡因子增加;川芎嗪阻断Notch通路改善软骨细胞形态与异常;齐墩果酸等通过发挥雌激素信号通路,减轻软骨基质破坏与退变。以上总结旨在为今后开展KOA临床与实验研究提供借鉴。     

Dietary Interventions with Polyphenols in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review Directed from the Preclinical Data to Randomized Clinical Studies

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a major cause of limited functionality and thus a decrease in the quality of life of the inflicted. Given the fact that the existing pharmacological treatments lack disease-modifying properties and their use entails significant side effects, nutraceuticals with bioactive compounds constitute an interesting field of research. Polyphenols are plant-derived molecules with established anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that have been extensively evaluated in clinical settings and preclinical models in OA. As more knowledge is gained in the research field, an interesting approach in the management of OA is the additive and/or synergistic effects that polyphenols may have in an optimized supplement. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the recent literature regarding the use of combined polyphenols in the management of OA. For that purpose, a PubMed literature survey was conducted with a focus on some preclinical osteoarthritis models and randomized clinical trials on patients with osteoarthritis from 2018 to 2021 which have evaluated the effect of combinations of polyphenol-rich extracts and purified polyphenol constituents. Data indicate that combined polyphenols may be promising for the treatment of osteoarthritis in the future, but more clinical trials with novel approaches in the identification of the in-between relationship of such constituents are needed.     

Association between Preoperative Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Oxidative Stress Immediately after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Pilot Study

Quadriceps muscle atrophy following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can be caused by tourniquet-induced ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury, which is often accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against IR injury, whereas n-6 LCPUFAs, particularly arachidonic acid (AA), exhibit pro-inflammatory effects and promote IR injury. This study aimed to examine whether preoperative serum EPA + DHA levels and the (EPA + DHA)/AA ratio are associated with oxidative stress immediately after TKA. Fourteen eligible patients with knee osteoarthritis scheduled for unilateral TKA participated in this study. The levels of serum EPA, DHA, and AA were measured immediately before surgery. Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) were used as biomarkers for oxidative stress. The preoperative serum EPA + DHA levels and the (EPA + DHA)/AA ratio were found to be significantly negatively correlated with the serum d-ROM levels at 96 h after surgery, and the rate of increase in serum d-ROM levels between baseline and 96 h postoperatively. This study suggested the preoperative serum EPA + DHA levels and the (EPA + DHA)/AA ratio can be negatively associated with oxidative stress immediately after TKA.     

Association of Social Behaviors With Community Discharge in Patients with Total Hip and Knee Replacement

ObjectivesUnderstand the association between social determinants of health and community discharge after elective total joint arthroplasty.DesignRetrospective cohort design using Optum de-identified electronic health record dataset.Setting and ParticipantsA total of 38 hospital networks and 18 non-network hospitals in the United States; 79,725 patients with total hip arthroplasty and 136,070 patients with total knee arthroplasty between 2011 and 2018.MethodsLogistic regression models were used to examine the association among pain, weight status, smoking status, alcohol use, substance disorder, and postsurgical community discharge, adjusted for patient demographics.ResultsMean ages for patients with hip and knee arthroplasty were 64.5 (SD 11.3) and 65.9 (SD 9.6) years; most patients were women (53.6%, 60.2%), respectively. The unadjusted community discharge rate was 82.8% after hip and 81.1% after knee arthroplasty. After adjusting for demographics, clinical factors, and behavioral factors, we found obesity [hip: odds ratio (OR) 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76–0.85; knee: OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.69–0.77], current smoking (hip: OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.77–0.88; knee: OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.85–0.95), and history of substance use disorder (hip: OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.50–0.60; knee: OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.53–0.62) were associated with lower odds of community discharge after hip and knee arthroplasty, respectively.Conclusions and ImplicationsSocial determinants of health are associated with odds of community discharge after total hip and knee joint arthroplasty. Our findings demonstrate the value of using electronic health record data to analyze more granular patient factors associated with patient discharge location after total joint arthroplasty. Although bundled payment is increasing community discharge rates, post-acute care facilities must be prepared to manage more complex patients because odds of community discharge are diminished in those who are obese, smoking, or have a history of substance use disorder.     

分析核磁共振技术诊断膝关节损伤的临床效果

目的:研究关于核磁共振技术对膝关节损伤进行诊断的临床诊断效果和价值。方法:本文调查时间选择2019年1月~2020年1月,将在此期间到本院接受膝关节损伤治疗的35例患者作为研究对象,分别对所有患者选择采用核磁共振技术和CT诊断技术行膝关节损伤的诊断,并分析比较两种不同诊断方法诊断的效果和价值。结果:经过比较分析可以得出,应用核磁共振诊断技术对膝关节损伤进行诊断的准确率明显高于CT诊断手段,两组数据进行统计学分析比较,P<0.05,存在统计学差异性。结论:通过核磁共振技术对膝关节损伤进行诊断能够有效地提升诊断的准确率,可以实现对于各类损伤类型的诊断,可以及时地帮助患者提供相关的治疗依据。     

Impact of Sarcopenia and Obesity on Gait Speed After Total Knee Replacement

ObjectivesOlder adults with sarcopenic obesity have a higher risk of experiencing mobility difficulty. Additionally, sarcopenia and obesity are closely associated with knee osteoarthritis. This study investigated the associations of sarcopenia, obesity, and in combination of both with walking disability during postoperative rehabilitation in older adults with knee osteoarthritis who underwent total knee replacement.DesignA retrospective cohort study.Setting and ParticipantsFrom a rehabilitation center database, we retrospectively selected and investigated 482 older patients with knee osteoarthritis who had undergone total knee replacement and received postoperative rehabilitation.MethodsSarcopenia was identified in accordance with the diagnostic criteria established by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia and obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m². Accordingly, patients were classified into four body composition groups, namely sarcopenic obese, sarcopenic, obese, and normal (reference group). After total knee replacement, all patients attended monthly follow-up admission during the postoperative rehabilitation. Gait speed was measured before surgery and monthly after total knee replacement. A gait speed cutoff of 1.0 m/s was used to identify postoperative walking disability. Kaplan–Meier curve analysis was performed to measure the probability of experiencing postoperative walking disability among the groups. Cox multivariate regression models were established to calculate the hazard ratios of postoperative walking disability.ResultsCompared with the reference group, the sarcopenic, obese, and sarcopenic obese groups appeared to have a higher probability of experiencing postoperative walking disability (all P < .001). The sarcopenic obese group were likely to have the highest risk of experiencing postoperative walking disability (adjusted hazard ratio = 3.89).Conclusions and ImplicationsSarcopenia or obesity alone may independently exert negative effects on postoperative gait speed. The participants with sarcopenic obesity were likely to have the highest risk of experiencing walking disability following total knee replacement. The findings may serve as a reference for clinicians developing rehabilitation strategies to optimize walking ability after total knee replacement, especially those preoperatively diagnosed as having sarcopenic obesity.     

透明质酸钠关节内注射治疗膝骨性关节炎

目的　观察透明质酸钠注射液对膝骨关节炎的疗效。方法　关节内注射透明质酸钠 2ml,每周一次 ,5周一疗程 ,疗程结束后连续随诊一年半以上。结果　疗程结束时总有效率为 92 7% ,随访过程 82 %患者无疼痛、肿胀、渗出等症状复发。结论　透明质酸钠可有效地抑制膝骨关节炎患者的肿胀、渗出、疼痛等症状     

全膝关节置换术后持续被动运动的临床应用研究

目的　评价全膝关节置换术后持续被动运动（ＣＰＭ）的临床应用价值。方法将１９例患者共２４个全膝置换关节随 机分成两组。ＣＰＭ治疗组１４个膝关节于术后第３天开始治疗。非ＣＰＭ治疗组１０个膝关节作为对照。结果两周后 ＣＰＭ治疗组膝关节主动屈曲度平均达到９４．６２度,比对照组大２３．３７度。结论　全膝关节置换术后ＣＰＭ治疗,可使膝关 节屈伸功能明显提高。