Effect of postoperative early enteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and immune function of cholangiocarcinoma patients with malignant obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUNDMost cholangiocarcinoma patients with malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ) have varying degrees of malnutrition and immunodeficiency preoperatively. Therefore, perioperative nutritional support has important clinical significance in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.AIMTo investigate the effects of postoperative early enteral nutrition (EEN) on immunity function and clinical outcomes of cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ.METHODSThis prospective clinical study included 60 cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ who underwent surgery. The patients were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group according to the nutrition support modes. The control group received postoperative total parenteral nutrition (TPN), whereas the experimental group received postoperative EEN and parenteral nutrition (PN; EEN + PN). The clinical outcomes, postoperative immune function, incidences of surgical site infection and bile leakage, intestinal function recovery time, average hospitalization days, and hospitalization expenses of the two groups were assessed on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, and 7.RESULTSThe CD3+T, CD4+T, CD8+T, and CD4+T/CD8+T cell count and the immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, and IgA levels in the EEN + PN group were significantly higher than those in the TPN group on PODs 3 and 7 (P < 0.05), whereas no significant differences in the CD3+T, CD4+T, CD8+T, and CD4+T/CD8+T cell counts and IgG, IgM, and IgA levels before operation and on POD 1 were found between the two groups (P > 0.05). The intestinal function recovery time and postoperative hospital stay were shorter (P < 0.001 for both) in the EEN + PN group than in the TPN group. The hospitalization expenses of the EEN + PN group were lower than those of the TPN group (P < 0.001). However, the incidence of abdominal distension was higher than in the EEN + PN group than in the TPN group (P < 0.05). The incidence rates of biliary leakage and surgical site infection were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONA postoperative EEN program could reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and improve the clinical outcomes and immune functions of cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ and is thus beneficial to patient recovery.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸及其诊疗进展

目的：总结近期恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊疗进展。方法：在PubMed数据库中查阅近5a与恶性梗阻性黄疸相关的文献,了解恶性梗阻性黄疸诊断治疗相关研究的前沿动态。结果：恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊断技术进展相对缓慢,早期诊断率仍较低;治疗手段与以往相比更丰富,包括粒子支架、射频消融等新技术逐渐应用于临床。结论：目前恶性梗阻性黄疸的早期诊断及治疗依然不容乐观,但随着诊疗技术的不断发展,对恶性梗阻性黄疽将会取得更好的诊疗效果。     

Solitary Extra-Hepatic Hilar Peribiliary Cyst Presenting with Obstructive Jaundice: A Case Report

Peribiliary cyst is a poorly recognized and under-reported clinico-pathologic entity around the biliary tree. Peribiliary cysts are cystic dilatations of obstructed peribiliary glands, which are normal elements of the biliary tract. They are generally asymptomatic and rarely cause biliary obstruction. They are usually discovered incidentally at autopsy or in explants following liver transplantation.

A 59-year-old male patient presenting with obstructive jaundice due to a large extra-hepatic hilar peribiliary cyst is reported here. We briefly discuss its differential diagnoses such as bile duct cyst, liver cyst or lymph cyst, and its management.

Radiological imaging demonstrated a solitary large (5 cm) well-defined, smooth, thin walled cystic lesion at the porta hepatis paralleling but not communicating with the bile duct. A wide cyst de-roofing was performed and histological examination of the cystic wall revealed an inflammatory cyst.

The patient made an uneventful recovery and remained asymptomatic with normal liver function tests 36 months post-operatively.     

肿瘤坏死因子-α抗体对梗阻性黄疸大鼠肾脏IP3R表达的影响

目的研究肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)单克隆抗体对梗阻性黄疸大鼠肾功能的影响及机制。方法将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分成假手术组、模型组、干预组,采用胆总管结扎(CBDL)造梗黄模型,干预组于结扎后第2周开始腹腔注射TNF-α单克隆抗体[0.1 mg/(kg.2d)]。并于干预后1、2、3、4周麻醉动物,假手术组与5周模型组动物同批麻醉,留取肝和肾组织。采用HE染色确定模型建立情况,通过Western blot方法检测1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体(IP3R)的含量,免疫组织化学方法检测IP3R在肾组织的表达。结果 HE染色显示模型组和干预组肾间质有炎性细胞浸润,干预组较轻。免疫组化和Western blot显示模型组肾组织IP3R蛋白表达较多,干预组略下降,但均明显高于假手术组(P<0.05)。结论梗阻性黄疸时肾小球前小动脉平滑肌细胞内的IP3R蛋白的表达增强,而TNF-α单克隆抗体干预治疗可减轻IP3R表达增强的程度,部分减轻肾功能损害的发生。     

胆汁内外引流术对梗阻性黄疸大鼠肺肿瘤坏死因子α、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶的影响

目的研究胆汁内外引流方法对梗阻性黄疸大鼠肺肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)水平的影响。方法将64只成年SD雄性大鼠随机分为4组,分别建立梗阻性黄疸(OJ)、胆汁内引流术(ID)、胆汁外引流术(ED)及假手术(SH)4组模型。于2次术后第14天留取肺组织匀浆液标本。采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测10%肺匀浆液TNF-α水平,生化法检测10%肺匀浆液NE水平。结果成功建立了大鼠梗阻性黄疸及内外引流术模型。梗阻性黄疸时大鼠肺TNF-α、NE水平较假手术对照组明显升高(100.893 pg/mL±21.271 pg/mL vs 64.091 pg/mL±13.034 pg/mL,P<0.01;50.396μg/mL±17.388μg/mL vs 39.718μg/mL±9.625μg/mL,P<0.05)。通过胆汁内引流术解除黄疸后,大鼠肺TNF-α浓度(75.141 pg/mL±15.849 pg/mL)与梗阻性黄疸组相比下降明显(P<0.01);而通过胆汁外引流术解除黄疸后,大鼠肺TNF-α浓度仍较高(112.129 pg/mL±36.886 pg/mL),与梗阻性黄疸组相比无差异(P>0.05)。行胆汁内、外引流术后,大鼠肺NE水平均降低(39.390μg/mL±12.410μg/mL、44.790μg/mL±16.681μg/mL),但与梗阻性黄疸组相比内引流明显(P<0.05)、外引流无差异(P>0.05),且内引流恢复至正常水平,与假手术对照组相比无差异(P>0.05)。结论梗阻性黄疸可导致肺组织炎症细胞因子升高,胆汁内引流术可明显改善梗阻性黄疸时肺组织炎症细胞因子水平、甚至接近正常,而胆汁外引流术没有改善肺炎症细胞因子水平,提示术前利用胆汁内引流术解除梗阻性黄疸缓解肺部炎症反应优于外引流术。     

谷氨酰胺对良性梗阻性黄疸患者术后免疫功能的影响

目的探讨谷氨酰胺对梗阻性黄疸免疫功能的影响。方法收集48例良性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料,并对患者血清的内毒素(ET)、可溶性白细胞介素2受体(sIL-2R)、T淋巴细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白等进行检验。结果谷氨酰胺干预组和梗阻性黄疸对照组相比,谷氨酰胺干预组血清中的sIL-2R较梗阻性黄疸对照组下降明显;两组T淋巴细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白、ET和sIL-2R水平的变化差异具有统计学意义。结论谷氨酰胺对良性梗阻性黄疸术后的免疫功能变化具有一定的影响。     

两种不同途径胆道金属支架植入治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸的对比研究

目的 比较经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)途径与经皮肝胆管引流术(PTCD)途径胆道金属支架植入治疗恶性阻塞性黄疸(MOJ)的临床效果.方法 选取2010年6月-2015年6月行胆道金属支架植入治疗的MOJ患者136例,其中经ERCP途径53例(ERCP组),经PTCD途径83例(PTCD组).比较两组的手术成功率、有效率、术后并发症发生率、住院时间及手术费用.结果 ①低位梗阻中ERCP组和PTCD组的手术成功率分别为97.7％和95.8％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);高位梗阻中ERCP组的手术成功率明显低于PTCD组(77.8％和98.3％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);②ERCP组和PTCD组总有效率分别为(88.7％和90.3％),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);低位梗阻中ERCP组有效率明显高于PTCD组(93.2％和83.3％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);高位梗阻中ERCP组有效率明显低于PTCD组(66.7％和93.2％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);③ERCP组总并发症发生率明显低于PTCD组(7.5％和15.7％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);低位梗阻中和ERCP组并发症发生率低于PTCD组(4.5％和29.2％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);高位梗阻中ERCP组并发症发生率明显高于PTCD组(22.2％和10.2％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);④ERCP组和PTCD组住院时间分别为(13.67±.2.25)d和(19.75±3.78)d,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);ERCP组PTCD组的手术花费分别为(23 764.23±2 437.76)元和(24 863.45±2 983.37)元,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 经ERCP和经PTCD途径胆道金属支架植入治疗MOJ均可取得显著的临床疗效,对于低位梗阻患者而言经ERCP更有优势,对于高位梗阻患者而言经PTCD途径更有优势.     

Modified stool color card with digital images was efficient and feasible for early detection of biliary atresia—a pilot study in Beijing,China

Background

The aim of this pilot study in Beijing, China, was to validate a screening system for early detection of biliary atresia (BA) by using a modified version of the stool color card (SCC).

Methods

From 2013 to 2014, a total of 29 799 live born infants were screened. SCC was distributed in maternal facilities. Guardians were asked to check their infants’ stool colors daily using SCC up until four months after birth. The screening results among 92.5% of participants were reported. Cases deemed as high risk were referred to a surgical department immediately.

Results

Based on the results reported by the guardians, 24 infants showed pale-pigmented stools, of which two males without obvious signs of jaundice were diagnosed with BA at 52 and 55 days of age, respectively. The sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 99.9%. Four infants were confirmed as having other diseases. Two female patients failed to be screened by the SCC because they had severe jaundice and were referred to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit after birth. They were diagnosed as BA at 14 and 17 days after birth, respectively. The overall prevalence of BA in this study was 1.3 in 10 000 live births.

Conclusion

The modified SCC was effective and feasible for early detection of BA, especially for patients with no apparent jaundice.

     

硬膜外复合全身麻醉对梗阻性黄疸术后肠屏障功能的影响

目的探讨硬膜外复合全身麻醉对梗阻性黄疸患者术后肠屏障功能的影响。方法选择梗阻性黄疸拟行手术治疗患者40例,男15例,女25例,年龄26~65岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,手术时间90~320min,血清总胆红素(TBIL)水平100μmol/L。所有患者随机分为全凭静脉麻醉组(GA组)和硬膜外复合全麻组(GE组),每组20例。GA组患者面罩吸氧后快速诱导气管插管行全身麻醉,GE组患者取左侧卧位行T8~9或T9~10间隙硬膜外穿刺并置管,改平卧位后予以2%利多卡因5ml试验量,5min确认无麻醉并发症及其他异常后行全身麻醉。于入手术室后(T1)、术毕(T2)、术后24h(T3)和术后48h(T4)分别采集外周静脉血,采用ELISA法测定血浆D-乳酸(D-LA)浓度;PCR技术定性检测大肠杆菌特异性β-半乳糖苷酶基因BG;提取血浆标本中的细菌DNA,进行PCR扩增,凝胶电泳后扫描凝胶并分析结果。结果与T1时比较,T2~T4时两组血浆D-LA浓度明显逐步升高(P0.05);T2~T4时GA组D-LA浓度明显高于GE组(P0.05)。PCR技术定性检测大肠杆菌特异性半乳糖苷酶基因BG,扩增长度为762bp。T1时两组患者大肠杆菌DNA检测结果均为阴性,术后两组患者大肠杆菌DNA阳性例数随时间依次增多,且T4时GA组明显高于GE组(P0.05)。结论与全凭静脉麻醉比较,硬膜外复合全身麻醉能够减轻梗阻性黄疸患者术后肠屏障功能的损伤。