全文获取类型
收费全文 | 171784篇 |
免费 | 13613篇 |
国内免费 | 5528篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 1071篇 |
儿科学 | 3546篇 |
妇产科学 | 2025篇 |
基础医学 | 25009篇 |
口腔科学 | 3039篇 |
临床医学 | 17022篇 |
内科学 | 27090篇 |
皮肤病学 | 1668篇 |
神经病学 | 8109篇 |
特种医学 | 3383篇 |
外国民族医学 | 23篇 |
外科学 | 13238篇 |
综合类 | 26889篇 |
现状与发展 | 15篇 |
一般理论 | 25篇 |
预防医学 | 12028篇 |
眼科学 | 4255篇 |
药学 | 18838篇 |
22篇 | |
中国医学 | 8918篇 |
肿瘤学 | 14712篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 392篇 |
2023年 | 2048篇 |
2022年 | 4297篇 |
2021年 | 5892篇 |
2020年 | 5241篇 |
2019年 | 5441篇 |
2018年 | 5398篇 |
2017年 | 5354篇 |
2016年 | 5490篇 |
2015年 | 5505篇 |
2014年 | 8697篇 |
2013年 | 10205篇 |
2012年 | 8359篇 |
2011年 | 9583篇 |
2010年 | 8210篇 |
2009年 | 8109篇 |
2008年 | 8234篇 |
2007年 | 9270篇 |
2006年 | 8435篇 |
2005年 | 8367篇 |
2004年 | 7414篇 |
2003年 | 6596篇 |
2002年 | 4870篇 |
2001年 | 4810篇 |
2000年 | 3953篇 |
1999年 | 3658篇 |
1998年 | 2643篇 |
1997年 | 2353篇 |
1996年 | 2386篇 |
1995年 | 2274篇 |
1994年 | 2015篇 |
1993年 | 1830篇 |
1992年 | 1591篇 |
1991年 | 1386篇 |
1990年 | 1138篇 |
1989年 | 1101篇 |
1988年 | 1044篇 |
1987年 | 823篇 |
1986年 | 631篇 |
1985年 | 743篇 |
1984年 | 779篇 |
1983年 | 472篇 |
1982年 | 618篇 |
1981年 | 532篇 |
1980年 | 481篇 |
1979年 | 401篇 |
1978年 | 327篇 |
1977年 | 273篇 |
1976年 | 299篇 |
1975年 | 184篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Bilateral salpingectomy does not compromise ovarian stimulation in an in-vitro fertilization/embryo transfer programme 总被引:9,自引:5,他引:9
Verhulst Guy; Vandersteen Nadia; Van Steirteghem Andre C.; Devroey Paul 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》1994,9(4):624-628
The question whether salpingectomy has a negative influenceon ovarian function and the outcome of pregnancy in an in-vitrofertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer treatment programmeis not yet answered. We performed a retrospective case-controlstudy to investigate the possible negative effect of salpingectomyon ovarian response to human menopausal gonadotrophins (HMG)during IVF and embryo transfer. The study group was composedof 26 patients with bilateral salpingectomy. In 67 cycles weanalysed different parameters of ovulation such as the numberof days of ovarian stimulation, numbers of ampoules of HMG,pre-ovulatory oestradiol concentrations and the numbers of oocytesretrieved. These parameters were compared to a control groupof 134 cycles in 134 women with healthy Fallopian tubes. Nodifferences were found. Implantation ratio, pregnancy rate andoutcome were the same in both groups. We conclude that bilateralsalpingectomy had no detrimental effect on ovarian performanceduring IVF and embryo transfer treatment nor on the outcome. 相似文献
992.
Mice with the scid mutation have a defect in the V(D)J recombinase. In order to
determine whether the SCID product is normally present in mature B cells that do not
have the recombinase activity, scid pre-B cells were fused with myeloma cells. It was
found that in the hybrid cells, a rearrangement test gene was correctly joined
immediately after fusion. The same test gene was aberrantly rearranged in the scid pre-B
cells. Stable hybrids between the scid pre-B and the myeloma cells had lost the
expression of RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes, supporting the previous finding of an inhibitor
of rearrangement in myeloma cells that acts shortly after fusion. Thus, mature B cells
apparently contain the SCID product, the wild type SCID function is not competitively
interfered with by products present in scid pre-B cells, and the SCID product seems not
to be a target for the recombinase inhibitor. 相似文献
993.
Ghiorzo P Villaggio B Sementa AR Hansson J Platz A Nicoló G Spina B Canepa M Palmer JM Hayward NK Bianchi-Scarrà G 《Human pathology》2004,35(1):25-33
Little is known about the correlation between the loss of p16 expression and tumor progression in familial melanoma; no systematic study has been conducted on p16 expression in melanocytic tumors from patients carrying germline CDKN2A mutations. We analyzed 98 early primary lesions from familial patients, previously tested for germline CDKN2A status, by quantitative immunohistochemistry using 3 p16 antibodies. We found that p16 expression was inversely correlated with tumor progression and was significantly lower in melanomas, including in situ lesions, than in nevi. Of other features analyzed, tumor thickness showed the most significant correlation with p16 levels. Lesions from mutation-negative patients displayed combined nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. However, some mutation-positive lesions (ie, G101W, 113insR, M53I, R24P, and 33ins24), including benign nevi, showed nuclear mislocalization, confirming previous studies suggesting that subcellular distribution indicates functional impairment of p16. 相似文献
994.
Fahmy I Kamal A Shamloul R Mansour R Serour G Aboulghar M 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》2004,19(7):1558-1561
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the use of testicular sperm for ICSI in azoospermic men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism unresponsive to gonadotrophin therapy. METHODS: Fifteen patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism who remained azoospermic after hormonal treatment underwent testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and ICSI. These men were recruited from the Egyptian IVF centre over a period of 4 years. All patients were given 75 IU hMG thrice weekly and 5000 IU hCG once or twice weekly for >/=6 months prior to attempting ICSI/TESE. RESULTS: In 11 out of 15 patients (73%), sperm could be retrieved from testicular tissue and were used for ICSI. Two chemical pregnancies resulted but no clinical pregnancies. Nine patients continued gonadotrophin therapy for another 6 months. Sperm appeared in the ejaculate of three of them. The remaining six patients underwent another ICSI cycle, one using cryopreserved sperm and five underwent a second TESE. One chemical pregnancy and three clinical pregnancies were established. One ongoing, one singleton and one twin pregnancies resulted in the delivery of three healthy babies. In total, of 17 ICSI cycles performed using testicular sperm retrieval, the fertilization rate was 41.7% and the cumulative pregnancy rate was 20%. CONCLUSIONS: The use of testicular sperm for ICSI is a treatment option that can be offered to azoospermic males with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism either not responding or reluctant to continue hormonal treatment. However, prolonged hormonal treatment may improve TESE/ICSI results. 相似文献
995.
Screening asymptomatic women in the general population for 'early ovarian ageing' will be more effective in high-risk groups. Recent findings support the hypothesis that women with polycystic ovaries (PCO) may have actually been born with a larger pool of resting follicles. The mechanism is almost certainly genetic and occurs in fetal life. If, as is widely accepted, the rate of depletion of the ovarian reserve depends primarily on the size of the remaining pool of small follicles, women with PCO will be unlikely to undergo an accelerated depletion of their follicle pool, normally seen in the late thirties, significantly earlier. In terms of asymptomatic screening for early ovarian ageing in the general population, women with PCO constitute a low-risk group and should therefore be excluded. 相似文献
996.
BACKGROUND: The review aimed to compare the effectiveness, safety and acceptability of vasectomy techniques for male sterilization. METHODS: We searched five computerized databases and reference lists of relevant articles and book chapters for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing vasectomy techniques. Two reviewers independently extracted data from eligible articles. RESULTS: Two poor-quality trials compared vas occlusion with clips versus a conventional technique, and four poor-quality trials examined vas irrigation with water versus no irrigation or irrigation with euflavine. No significant differences regarding the primary outcome of time to azoospermia were found. However, one trial reported fewer median number of ejaculations to azoospermia with euflavine rather than water irrigation. An interim report of a high-quality trial comparing vasectomy with and without fascial interposition found more azoospermia with fascial interposition but also more surgical difficulties. CONCLUSIONS: No conclusions can be reached regarding the effectiveness, safety and acceptability of vas occlusion techniques or vas irrigation since only low-quality, underpowered studies were available. Fascial interposition had improved vasectomy success but also increased surgical difficulty. High-quality, adequately reported RCTs are required. More work is also needed in the standardization of follow-up protocols, evaluation of vasectomy success and failure, recanalization and analytical methods. 相似文献
997.
Demonstration of the presence of IL-16, IL-17 and IL-18 at the murine fetomaternal interface during murine pregnancy 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Ostojic S Dubanchet S Chaouat G Abdelkarim M Truyens C Capron F 《American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)》2003,49(2):101-112
PROBLEM: To determine if interleukin-16 (IL-16), IL-17, and IL-18 are present at the murine fetomaternal interface during pregnancy as a first step towards investigating their roles in fetomaternal relationship. METHODS: Expression of IL-16, IL-17, and IL-18, was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the BALB/c x BALB/k (H2d x H2k), and the CBA/J x BALB/c non-abortion prone, and CBA/J x DBA/2 abortion prone matings. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed for the two latter cytokines to compare local production in the abortion prone CBA/J x DBA/2 versus the non-abortion prone CBA/J x BALB/c matings. RESULTS: Expression of IL-17 was borderline. The anti-IL-16 staining specifically localized in the uterine stroma and glandular epithelium and was rather low in the placenta. IL-18 staining started in the peri-implantation uterus in the basal proliferative stroma, and was also traced, although weaker, in the glandular epithelium. In the immediate post-implantation period, a weak stromal staining persisted but there was a strong labeling of the ectoplacental cone. Interestingly, when the ectoplacental cone differentiates into placenta having a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I + spongiotrophoblast and a (MHC class I-) labyrinth, a very strong transient labeling of uterine natural killer (u-NK) cells was found. Later in gestation, IL-18 was also produced by giant cell and spongiotrophoblast. Finally, we compared by ELISA the production of IL-17/-18 in CBA/J x DBA/2 and CBA/J x BALB/c matings. We detected significantly more IL-18 in the non-abortion prone combination decidua or placenta. CONCLUSION: The three cytokines IL-16, IL-17, and IL-18 were detected at the fetomaternal interface with a tissue specific, stage-dependent distribution. The predominance of IL-18 secretion in the non-resorption prone matings lead us to question the general validity of the classical T-helper (Th)1/2 paradigm. 相似文献
998.
Nichols SM Bavister BD Brenner CA Didier PJ Harrison RM Kubisch HM 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》2005,20(1):79-83
BACKGROUND: A decline in fertility is evident in human females past their middle thirties. This 'reproductive senescence', marked by a sharp decline in pregnancy rates, may be attributed to reductions in numbers of available oocytes and their quality. Because Old World primates exhibit ovarian morphology and physiological control and timing of menstrual cycles closely resembling those of humans, the current study investigated the rhesus macaque as a potential model for human reproductive senescence. METHODS: Ovaries collected from females aged 1-25 years and divided into five age groups were analysed histologically. RESULTS: General ovarian morphology demonstrated significant changes as the females approached menopause. The proportions of primordial and primary follicles all demonstrated significant differences across age groups (primordial: 77.1, 79.9, 69.7, 62.9, 55.1%; primary: 21.5, 18.8, 28.5, 35.2, 43.1% for age groups 1 to 5 respectively; P<0.0001 for both). Samples from females approaching or undergoing the menopausal transition (aged 20-25 years) demonstrated evidence of ovarian senescence, having scattered and atretic follicles, low numbers of primordial follicles and reduced stromal tissue. CONCLUSION: This study supports the value of the rhesus monkey as a model for reproductive ageing because its ovary undergoes follicular reservoir depletion similar to that seen in humans. 相似文献
999.
Is the CAG repeat of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG) associated with male infertility? A multi-centre French study 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Aknin-Seifer IE Touraine RL Lejeune H Jimenez C Chouteau J Siffroi JP McElreavey K Bienvenu T Patrat C Levy R 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》2005,20(3):736-740
BACKGROUND: Recent data emphasized the implication of polymerase gamma (POLG) CAG repeats in infertility, making it a very attractive gene for study. A comparison of POLG CAG repeats in infertile and fertile men showed a clear association between the absence of the usual 10-CAG allele and male infertility, excluding azoospermia. It has also been suggested that the POLG gene polymorphism should be considered as a possible contributing factor in unexplained couple infertility where semen parameters are normal. In this study, we investigated the POLG CAG repeats, in a well-defined population of patients with severe male factor infertility. METHODS: We conducted a large study of POLG CAG repeats in 433 infertile and 91 fertile, normozoospermic and healthy males. In all subjects, phenotypic data, including semen parameters, hormonal status and clinical profiles, were available. RESULTS: Thirteen 'homozygous mutants' (3%) were found among the 433 idiopathic infertile patients. The follow-up of the 13 'homozygous mutant' resulted in pregnancy for more than half of the couples, through assisted reproductive techniques or even spontaneously. In addition, one 'homozygous mutant' was identified in 91 fertile men (1.1%) CONCLUSION: Under our conditions, our study does not confirm any relationship between the polymorphic CAG repeat in the POLG gene and male infertility. 相似文献
1000.
Joseph McDonnell Angelique J Goverde Frans F H Rutten Jan P W Vermeiden 《Human reproduction (Oxford, England)》2002,17(1):103-106
BACKGROUND: Estimating the probability of pregnancy leading to delivery and the influence of clinical factors on that probability is of fundamental importance in the treatment counselling of infertile couples. A variety of statistical techniques have been used to analyse fertility data, many borrowed from survival analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: We propose an alternative method of analysis which is based on a discrete time Markov chain approach, with states 'pregnancy (leading to a delivery)', 'not pregnant', and 'censored' and in which the transition probabilities are dependent both on the clinical characteristics of the patient and the treatment given. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the method of analysis presented here may be preferable to standard analyses in that it better reflects the clinical situation, it is a truly discrete time analysis applied to a discrete time situation, it explicitly models the censoring process (a process which in itself provides information of interest to the physician) and can be readily extended to a variety of clinical situations. 相似文献