体外大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞多向分化潜能的研究

目的研究体外大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞等不同组织细胞多向分化的潜能。方法从SD大鼠股骨骨髓中获得间充质干细胞,原代培养后1∶2传代,传至第5代后分为普通传代培养组、神经细胞诱导组、成骨细胞诱导组和脂肪细胞诱导组。倒置相差显微镜下观察各组细胞生长情况、形态变化以及矿化结节和脂肪细胞的形成;流式细胞检测第5代大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞表面抗原CD29、CD44、CD90、CD31、CD34、CD45;免疫组织化学检测普通传代培养组和神经细胞诱导组细胞巢蛋白、微管相关蛋白-2、胶质纤维酸性蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶等神经细胞相关蛋白的表达情况。结果大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞呈贴壁生长,细胞扩增至第5代时形态趋于一致,呈梭形。大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞表面抗原CD29(99.83%)、CD44(99.77%)、CD90(99.86%)均呈阳性表达,CD31(0.83%)、CD34(1.78%)、CD45(2.90%)无表达。在体外,普通传代培养细胞仅巢蛋白呈阳性表达;由神经细胞诱导的细胞巢蛋白、微管相关蛋白-2、胶质纤维酸性蛋白和神经元特异性烯醇化酶均呈阳性表达,且形态类似神经细胞;由成骨细胞诱导的细胞质内可见矿化结节形成;由脂肪细胞诱导的细胞质内出现多个猩红色呈簇状的脂肪滴。结论大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞易于提取、纯化和扩增,可于体外自发表达神经干细胞标志蛋白,并可通过诱导向神经细胞、成骨细胞及脂肪细胞分化。提示骨髓间充质干细胞不仅具有多向分化潜能,而且可能具有自发向神经干细胞分化的特性。     

化疗药物性静脉炎及渗漏损伤的动物实验模型研究概况

化疗药物性静脉炎及渗漏损伤的动物实验模型是研究体内化疗药物性静脉炎及渗漏损伤的发病机制和评价各种治疗方法的重要条件。化疗药物性静脉炎及渗漏损伤的实验研究进展缓慢,其主要原因是缺乏理想的动物模型。依文献报道,化疗药物性静脉炎模型主要以大白兔耳缘静脉注射长春瑞滨等化疗药物为多见,化疗药物渗漏损伤模型主要以大鼠及大白兔背部皮下注射盐酸阿霉素等化疗药物为多见。文章就近年来常用的一些化疗药物性静脉炎及渗漏损伤的动物模型综述如下。     

体外细胞培养检验“方证对应”关系的方法学研究

目的通过在体外细胞培养中加入中药复方粗提制剂对具有典型的中医证型的肺癌患者的外周血淋巴细胞NK活性的影响，探索能否在体外实验中反映“方证对应”关系。方法以水煎醇沉法制备两种中药复方（益气养阴和健脾化痰）的粗提制剂，取具有典型的中医证型（气阴两虚或脾虚痰湿证型）的肺癌患者的外周血淋巴细胞，将同一个患者的标本分为四个体外实验组，即空白对照组，中药5mg／ml组及10mg／ml组，自细胞介素2（250^u/ml，阳性对照）组。按“辨证论治”原则加入相应的中药复方制剂。体外培养22h或94h，以MTT法检测各组的NK活性。结果无论培养22h或94h，中药组的NK活性与对照组比较皆无显著性差异（P〉0．05），而白细胞介素2（阳性对照）组的NK括性均明显升高（P〈0．05）。结论两种中药复方制剂都未能在体外反应出“方证对应”的效果，说明中药粗提制剂直接用于体外细胞培养，其结果的可靠性差。     

The end adjusts the means: Heterochromatin remodelling during terminal cell differentiation

All cells that constitute mature tissues in an eukaryotic organism undergo a multistep process of cell differentiation. At the terminal stage of this process, cells either cease to proliferate forever or rest for a very long period of time. During terminal differentiation, most of the genes that are required for cell ‘housekeeping’ functions, such as proto-oncogenes and other cell-cycle and cell proliferation genes, become stably repressed. At the same time, nuclear chromatin undergoes dramatic morphological and structural changes at the higher-order levels of chromatin organization. These changes involve both constitutively inactive chromosomal regions (constitutive heterochromatin) and the formerly active genes that become silenced and structurally modified to form facultative heterochromatin. Here we approach terminal cell differentiation as a unique system that allows us to combine biochemical, ultrastructural and molecular genetic techniques to study the relationship between the hierarchy of chromatin higher-order structures in the nucleus and its function(s) in dynamic packing of genetic material in a form that remains amenable to regulation of gene activity and other DNA-dependent cellular processes.     

中西医结合医院单病种的质量管理及其作用

针对中西医结合医院单病种质量评定没有现成的、规范的标准的现状,就中西医结合单病种的质量管理方法及其在中西医结合医院建设中的作用进行了论述。     

Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor or Related Factors Promote the Differentiation of Neuronal and Astrocytic Precursors within the Developing Murine Spinal Cord

Previously we have shown that leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) potentiates the development of murine spinal cord neurons in vitro , suggesting that it, or related factors, may play an important regulatory role in neuronal development. We have further investigated this role and show here that the generation of neurons in cultures of embryonic day 10 spinal cord cells is inhibited by antibodies to the β subunit of the LIF receptor. Since there are more undifferentiated precursors in antibody-treated cultures than in control and LIF-treated cultures, it is concluded that the primary action of LIF, or related molecules, is to promote neuronal differentiation, not precursor survival. In addition, the failure of LIF to support neuronal survival in the period immediately following differentiation suggests that the increased numbers of neurons generated with LIF are not attributable to its neurotrophic action. By selecting neuronal precursors on the basis of their inability to express class I major histocompatibility complex molecules, it was shown that LIF acted directly upon these cells and not via an intermediary cell. LIF also appears to be involved in regulating the differentiation of astrocytes, since it increases the number of glial fibrillary protein (GFAP)-positive cells present in the cultures and since the spontaneous production of GFAP-positive cells is blocked by antibodies to the LIF β receptor. These findings suggest that LIF or related factors promote the differentiation of neural precursors in the spinal cord, but that they are not involved in preferentially promoting precursors down a specific differentiation pathway.     

The multifunctionality of FGF-2 in the adrenal medulla

 Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and their tumor counterparts, the pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, are well-established model systems in neurobiology. The development of sympathoadrenal progenitor cells to chromaffin cells can be studied with regard to developmental signals which trigger the differentiation. With regard to potential treatments of neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease chromaffin cell grafting can be used as one therapeutical approach. The beneficial effect of chromaffin cell grafts is possibly not only related to the release of dopamine but may also be linked to the release of growth factors. One of the growth factors that is synthesized by chromaffin and PC12 cells is basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). The experimental data available so far, are in agreement with different functional roles of FGF-2. This article summarizes the putative physiological functions of FGF-2 in the adrenal medulla. Three differential functional roles of FGF-2 are discussed: (1) as a differentiation factor for sympathoadrenal progenitor cells; (2) as a target-derived neurotrophic factor for preganglionic sympathetic neurons which innervate adrenal medullary cells; (3) as an auto-/paracrine factor in the adrenal medulla. Accepted: 21 August 1996     

母体钙代谢与补钙对妊娠的影响

妊娠期缺钙严重影响母婴的安全健康 ,其原因是由于妊娠期母体钙代谢发生变化 ,使母体血清游离钙离子浓度降低 ,血清铅浓度增高。有关研究表明 ,母体缺钙导致血铅竞争性过高 ,使胎儿身长、体重均小于胎龄儿 ,胎儿宫内发育迟缓的发生率增高 ,甚至发生早产、死胎等。同时发现血清钙离子可能对内源性一氧化氮合成释放起调节作用 ,而内皮素是最强的缩血管物质之一 ,母体补钙可调节一氧化氮与内皮素的平衡 ,从而降低妊高征的发生率。因此孕期补充钙剂是非常重要的。     

脑干听觉诱发电位诊断听神经瘤的假阳性分析

综合分析ＢＡＥＰ各项指标，应用ＣＰＡ病变的ＢＡＥＰ４型诊断标准，从６００例可疑听神经瘤患者中，诊断出ＣＰＡ肿瘤５４例，同时发现４例假阳性。本文的假阳性率为７％（４／５８），较多数文献报道为低。在诊断听神经瘤中，ＢＡＥＰ的峰间期比波的绝对潜伏期准确，只有Ⅰ～Ⅲ峰间期增大所导致的Ⅰ～Ⅴ峰间期增大，才有诊断价值，ＢＡＥＰ只有定位作用，无定性价值，故ＢＡＥＰ诊断听神经瘤必须结合临床表现才有意义。在临床上即使已有明确的长束征时，但ＢＡＥＰ无健侧Ⅳ～Ⅴ波的改变，仍可排除肿瘤的诊断。在ＢＡＥＰ的Ⅳ型中，当健侧Ⅳ～Ⅴ波正常时，应参考复合检查，若其阴性则可排除肿瘤的诊断。     

Metalloproteinase activity is present in rat urine and derived from the renal cortex

Summary: Matrix metalloproteinases (MP) are important candidates for the degradation of extracellular matrix, but the role of MP in the diseased kidney remains poorly understood. to examine the significance of urinary MP, we first investigated the characteristics of MP in normal rat urine and renal cortex, and then evaluated the urinary MP activity in anti-thymocyte induced glomerulonephritis (Thy.1 GN). Metalloproteinase activity was measured as the EDTA-inhibitable degradation of [³H] gelatin. the enzyme was purified from urine and the renal cortex homogenate in normal Wistar rats by using several chromatographic and gel filtration methods. Both materials contained the identical molecular weight (Mr 126 kDa by gel permeation method) of gelatin-degrading enzymes, the activity of which was inhibited by metal chelating agents and reactivated by ZnC1₂ but not by other proteinase inhibitors. Thy.1 GN was induced by intravenous injection of rabbit anti-thymocyte serum into rats, and daily urine was collected at sequential time points. Urinary MP activity was markedly reduced soon after the serum injection, and returned to the control level in 9 weeks. Conversely, urinary MP-inhibitor activity (Mr 30 kDa), determined as inhibiting activity against MP derived from renal cortex, showed serial changes strikingly reflected as urinary MP activity. These findings suggested that rat urine contained the MP which seemed to be derived from the renal cortex, and the urinary MP activity was decreased in Thy.1 GN model, probably due to the presence of MP-inhibitor. As urinary MP is likely to reflect intra-renal MP, the evaluation of urinary MP may be useful to search metabolic alteration of extracellular matrix in the diseased kidney.