研究生创新能力的培养

研究生创新能力的培养是提高研究生教育质量的核心和关键。本文分析影响研究生创新能力的因素,及各因素间的相互关系。在此基础上,提出培养研究生创新能力的措施,即优化课程与教学方法,夯实创新基础能力;发挥导师与团队作用,激发创新能动性;完善奖励与惩罚措施,促进创新活动实施;营造软环境与硬环境,确保创新支撑条件。     

基于非依赖性全扫描采集蛋白组学技术初步研究继发性细粒棘球蚴病小鼠肝脏差异表达蛋白

目的　寻找细粒棘球蚴病（CE）小鼠肝脏差异表达蛋白,为细粒棘球蚴病靶向治疗药物研发提供借鉴。方法　8只6～8周龄昆明种雌性小鼠随机分成CE组和对照组,CE组小鼠经腹腔注射接种约2 000个细粒棘球绦虫原头节,对照组小鼠注射等量生理盐水,饲养350 d后处死两组小鼠。收集CE组小鼠病灶肝脏（病灶组）、病灶旁肝脏组织（病旁组）及对照组小鼠肝脏组织（对照组）,采用非依赖性全扫描采集（data independent acquisition,DIA）蛋白组学技术比较病灶组与对照组、病旁组与对照组差异表达蛋白,并进行蛋白基因本体论（GO）富集分析、京都基因和基因组百科全书（KEGG）通路分析。结果　病灶组与对照组、病旁组与对照组间同时存在26种差异表达蛋白,其中8种上调表达蛋白、18种下调表达蛋白。GO功能富集注释分析结果显示,这些差异表达蛋白主要富集在内质网膜等细胞内成分中,通过氧化还原酶实现催化等分子功能,参与氧酸代谢、羟基酸代谢等生物代谢过程。KEGG通路富集分析结果显示,酰基辅酶A氧化酶1(Acox1)参与脂肪酸氧化过程中的初级胆汁酸生物合成,影响过氧化物酶体信号通路;肝脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白（Fabp1）通过脂肪细胞因子信号通路参与脂肪酸转运,影响脂质代谢所参与的过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体（PPAR）信号通路。结论　与正常小鼠相比,CE小鼠肝脏组织蛋白质表达具有差异性,其中部分差异表达蛋白可能与CE潜在药物靶点相关。     

A randomised controlled trial of the effect of low fat diet advice on dietary response in insulin independent diabetic women

Summary Type 2 (insulin independent) diabetic women were randomly allocated to receive advice for low fat diets or low carbohydrate diets. By 24 h weighed dietary intakes before and after a mean interval of six months, patients in the low fat group had reduced their fat intake from 41% to 31% of total energy, while carbohydrate percentage of total energy intake increased from 38% to 46%. Percentage energy intake from fat and carbohydrate in the control group remained unchanged. Body weight fell in both groups, especially for patients in the low fat group who were obese (weight/height2 28 kg/m²). Mean plasma glucose, HbA₁, and triglycerides were unchanged. Mean plasma total cholesterol fell significantly in the low fat group compared with the controls (p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in the small reduction of high density lipoprotein cholesterol observed in both groups. Thus, adherence to low fat diets occurred without deterioration of diabetes and with benefit for weight and total cholesterol.     

Healthcare technology co-operatives: Innovative about innovation

Abstract

The paper provides an introduction to the National Institute for Health Research Devices for Dignity Healthcare Technology Co-operative. Embedded within the NHS, Devices for Dignity identifies areas of unmet clinical need and translates these into research and development projects to develop new medical technologies. It addresses the needs of people living with long-term conditions, helping them to live more dignified and independent lives. Through partnerships with patients, universities, the NHS and industry, Devices for Dignity has developed an innovation methodology for successful medical technology innovation.     

自我构念启动效应下大学生自尊与生活满意度的关系

目的:考察不同自我构念启动情境下大学生自尊和生活满意度间的动态关系。方法:选取大学生183名随机分为独立构念启动组(n=58)、互依构念启动组(n=65)和对照组(n=59)。3组阅读不同的启动阅读材料进行构念启动,完成启动任务后立即用自尊量表(SLSC)测评能力自尊和价值自尊,用生活满意度量表(SWLS)测评生活满意度。用多元回归分析并比较能力自尊、互依自尊对生活满意度的预测作用。结果:在独立构念启动组,能力自尊正向预测生活满意度(β=0.48);在互依构念启动组,价值自尊正向预测生活满意度(β=0.35);在对照组,能力自尊和价值自尊对生活满意度的预测作用均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:大学生在独立和互依构念启动情境下会分别倚重能力自尊、价值自尊来预测生活满意度,提示个体在不同情境下将会以不同的方式评价和体验生活幸福感。     

药品管理行政责任与刑事责任创新及完善

目的： 研究规范适用新修订《中华人民共和国药品管理法》的行政责任与刑事责任。方法： 以《药品管理法》修订为视角,从药品管理行政责任与刑事责任的理论基础、实践运行的缺陷入手,借鉴其他国家和地区的立法模式。结果： 从实体上对药品管理行政责任与刑事责任各项制度进一步细化完善。结论： 行政责任、刑事责任构成药品管理法律责任的核心内容,新修订的《药品管理法》法律责任部分有了较大的变化,必须加强对药品管理法律责任的研究,细化完备各项制度,促进药品管理行政责任与刑事责任的有效实施。     

Independent risk factors for early urologic complications after kidney transplantation

Urologic complications are the most frequent technical adverse events following kidney transplantation (KTX). We evaluated traditional and novel potential risk factors for urologic complications following KTX. Consecutive KTX recipients between December 1, 2006 and December 31, 2010 with at least six‐month follow‐up (n = 635) were evaluated for overall urologic complications accounting for donor, recipient, and transplant characteristics using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Urologic complications occurred in 29 cases (4.6%) at a median of 40 d (range 1–999) post‐transplantation and included 17 ureteral strictures (2.6%), five (0.8%) ureteral obstructions due to donor‐derived stones or intraluminal thrombus, and seven urine leaks (1.1%). All except two complications occurred within the first year of transplantation. Risk factors for urologic complications on univariate analysis were dual KTX (p = 0.04) and renal artery multiplicity (p = 0.02). On multivariate analysis, only renal artery multiplicity remained significant (aHR 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1, 5.1, p = 0.02). Donation after cardiac death, non‐mandatory national share kidneys, donor peak serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL or creatinine phosphokinase > 1000 IU/L, and donor down time were not associated with urologic complications. Our data suggest that donor artery multiplicity is an independent risk factor for urologic complications following KTX.