The interactive role of mucosal T lymphocytes in intestinal growth, development and enteropathy

Abstract Over the past 15–20 years, research has progressively focused on the mucosal T cell as the central factor in the initiation of physiological or pathological changes, first in the growth and maturation of the early (postnatal) intestine, and second in adult-type enteropathies resulting from sensitivity to either food or pathogen-derived antigens. T cell-mediated events may be measured, for example, in terms of specific immunopathologic patterns of change and injury, such as type 1 (lymphocyte infiltration), type 2 (crypt hyperplasia) and type 3 (flat-destructive), which can be recognized and quantitated microscopically; by determination of lymphocyte reactivity through secretion of interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R) into plasma or expression by mucosal lymphocytes; by quantitation of lymphocyte subsets emigrating into inflamed tissues by immunoperoxidase-labelled monoclonal antibodies; or by the determination of T cell receptor polymorphisms. Alterations in intestinal growth, structure and function at weaning are likely to be T cell-mediated as they are analogous to the same type 1/2 lesions that reflect modulation of adult mucosal architecture in food and parasite-induced hypersensitivity reactions. Enteropathies associated with HIV infection and T cell deficiency display a milder degree of villous flattening and impaired crypt hyperplasia than that typical of gluten-sensitivity, suggesting a reversion to lesser degrees of mucosal pathology (type 1/2). Clearly more information will accrue; meanwhile the remarks in this brief survey should provide a firm basis whereby clinician and scientist can meet, and together recognize and further dissect the modulatory effect of T lymphocytes on mucosal structure and function.     

血脂调节剂的研究——Ⅰ.HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂M-8614A及MH-2688B产生菌的筛选

利用酶联免疫吸附测定法,酶标β-羟基β-甲基-戊二酸单酰铺酶A(HMG-CoA)还原酶抑制剂Compactin抗体,定向筛选血脂调节剂。从青霉M-8614菌株发酵液中分离到M-8614A。该物质理化性质及波谱解释表明与Mevastatin为同一物质。 M-8614菌株用亚硝酸盐等诱变剂处理,从诱变株MH-2688发酵液中分离到MH-2688B。该物质理化性质及波谱解释表明与Lovastatin为同一物质。     

Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Interphotoreceptor Matrix: Vectorial Secretion and Regulation

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play an essential role in both normal and pathological extracellular matrix degradation, and a TIMP has been associated with at least one type of retinal degeneration. We have studied expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 by zymography, immunocytochemistry, and immunoblotting in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from normal, aged and diseased retinas. MMPs and TIMPs were found in the rat RPE, interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM), and in media conditioned by human and rat RPE in culture. In other polarized cells, MMPs and TIMP-2 are secreted vectorially towards the basal lamina. In the RPE, however, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 were secreted preferentially from the apical surface, the surface bordering the IPM. These findings provide new evidence that MMPs and TIMPs could play a role in the turnover of IPM components.Cell homogenates and conditioned media from RPE isolated from mutant Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats with inherited retinal dystrophy had similar amounts of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 as those from congenic control rats. The secretion of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 from RPE cell cultures isolated from young and aged human donors varied widely. However, with increasing cell passage number, secretion of MMPs and TIMPs from human RPE increased dramatically. Also, growing human RPE on bovine corneal endothelial cell-generated extracellular matrix instead of plastic reduced the secretion of both MMPs and TIMPs. These data suggest that the integrity of Bruch's membrane may serve to regulate RPE functions in MMP and TIMP secretion and that extracellular matrices contain signals that regulate MMP and TIMP synthesis and/or secretion by the RPE.     

Eradication of 'ooHelicobacter pylori'ox : an objective assessment of current therapies

The purpose of the present review was to determine objectively the optimal treatment for the eradication of H. pylori amongst the currently used regimens. A comprehensive literature search provided a data-base relating to the following treatments: dual therapy with an anti-secretory drug plus either amoxycillin or clarithromycin; standard triple therapy, with or without additional anti-secretory drugs; proton pump inhibitor triple therapy; and H₂-receptor antagonist triple therapy. Emphasis was placed on intention-to-treat analyses of eradication rates using all of the available evidence. The criteria used to select the optimal treatment were efficacy (eradication rates), frequency of side-effects, simplicity of the regimen (number of tablets per day and duration of treatment) and cost. The analysis showed that proton pump inhibitor triple therapy (that is, a proton pump inhibitor plus any two of amoxycillin, clarithromycin or a nitroimidazole) was the preferred treatment for the eradication of H. pylori . In particular, the 1-week, low-dose regimen with omeprazole plus clarithromycin plus tinidazole produced the highest eradication rates (>90%) with the lowest frequency of side-effects and at only modest cost.     

肺癌患者红细胞免疫功能和T淋巴细胞亚群的检测及临床意义

作者对62例肺癌患者进行红细胞免疫功能及T淋巴细胞亚群测定，并与20例正常人对照。结果显示：肺癌组红细胞膜C3b受体活性（RBC－C3bRR）、CD3 、CD4 、CD4 ／CD8 比值均低于正常人（P＜0．05～0．01），红细胞膜的吸附免疫复合物（RBC－ICR）、CD8 均高于正常人（P＜0．05～0．01），因此认为红细胞免疫及T淋巴细胞亚群测定对肺癌的诊断、治疗及病情预后估计有一定价值。     

谷氨酸诱导体外培养的鸡胚脊髓神经细胞释放NO

用鸡胚脊髓神经细胞的原代培养,测定细胞中亚硝酸盐的含量,研究了谷氨酸(Glu)对原代培养神经细胞中NO的影响。结果表明,谷氨酸作用于原代培养的鸡胚脊髓神经细胞,在诱导神经细胞释放乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的同时,还可诱导细胞释放一氧化氮(NO)。如先用NO合成酶抑制剂L-NOARG作用细胞,再加入Glu,则发现L-NOARG能降低Glu导致的培养液中LDH活性升高。提示NO可能参与介导Glu的神经毒性作用。     

肺结核病人红细胞免疫功能及T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

①目的探讨红细胞免疫功能及Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群变化与肺结核的关系。②方法对４４例肺结核病人和４４例健康人的红细胞免疫功能、血清循环免疫复合物、Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群、ＮＫ细胞水平的变化进行了检测，并与对照组比较。③结果肺结核病人红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体花环率（Ｅ－Ｃ３ｂＲＲ），ＣＤ４，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８，ＮＫ细胞水平明显降低，ＣＤ８水平明显升高，与对照组相比，差异均有极显著意义（ｔ＝９．７６～２２．２４，Ｐ均＜０．０１）；复治组较初治组变化更明显（ｔ＝４．２７～１５．３２，Ｐ均＜０．０１）。Ｅ－Ｃ３ｂＲＲ与ＣＤ４，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８，ＮＫ细胞水平呈正相关（ｒ＝０．２６９２～０．５４７９，Ｐ＜０．０５，０．０１），与ＣＤ８呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．３７４，Ｐ＜０．０１）。④结论红细胞免疫功能、Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群及ＮＫ细胞的异常与肺结核的发病及病情变化有一定关系。     

Disorders in early embryonal cellular proliferative properties distort the postnatal formation of nervous, immune, and endocrine regulation systems in a newborn

Disorders in the postnatal nervous, immune, and endocrine regulation systems were revealed in the progeny of rats irradiated during the preimplantation period of embryogenesis. These disorders persist till adult age. The direction of disorders confirms the hypothesis about memorization of changed proliferative properties of embryonal cells during the development of the (pro)endocrine system of a new organism. Memorization results in distortion of postnatal nervous immunoendocrine regulation: hypertrophy of the endocrine component and coadaptive underdevelopment of the nervous and immune components. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 126, No. 8, pp. 164–166, August, 1998     

红细胞不同温度长期冻存后形态和免疫功能的变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨一种简便、有效的红细胞长期保存的方法。方法 红细胞在－40℃、80℃及－196℃（液氮）不同温度下长期保存18个月后，分别测定冻存前后红细胞平均体积（MCV）、红细胞渗透脆性（RFT）及红细胞免疫功能（RBC－C3bRR、ERPN）。结果 红细胞－40℃长期冻存后，MCV和RFT较冻存前显著提高（P＜0.05)，RBC－C3bRRt ERPN较冻存前显著降低（P＜0.05)。红细胞－80℃、－196℃长期冻存后，MCV、RFT、RBC－C3bRR及ERPN较冻存前无明显改变（P＞0.05)。结论 红细胞经－80℃、－196℃长期冻存后，其形态、结构和免疫功能保存良好。－80℃低温冻存是一种简便、有效的红细胞长期保存的方法。     

Treatment of diabetic autonomic neuropathy with an aldose reductase inhibitor

To evaluate the effects of the aldose reductase inhibitor Ponalrestat (Statil) on diabetic autonomic neuropathy, a double-blind placebo controlled trial was carried out on a group of 34 diabetic patients with documented cardiac autonomic neuropathy. After a 4-week, placebo run-in period, patients were randomised for treatment with 600 mg Statil or placebo for another 24 weeks. Moreover, the reliability of the autonomic nerve function tests was investigated by comparing the results at onset and at week 4. Fifteen patients treated with Statil and 12 with placebo completed the study. Neither symptom scores nor cardiovascular reflexes, pupil reflexes and skin vasomotor reflexes improved after Statil therapy, which led us to conclude that Statil is not effective in the treatment of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Reliability coefficients for cardiovascular reflexes and pupil reflex showed high values, ranging from 60% to 80%. Therefore these methods are recommended in future therapy trials.