A 2017 review of pharmacotherapy for treating focal epilepsy: where are we now and how will treatment develop?

Introduction: Focal epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy with approximately 30 million patients affected worldwide. There is a major challenge to develop new antiepileptic treatments as currently approximately one third of patients remain uncontrolled under our best standards of care.

Areas covered: An overview is given on first- and second generation antiepileptic drugs and their mechanisms of action, and on recent new strategies for antiepileptic targets, including drugs aiming at disease modification.

Expert opinion: Newer antiepileptic drugs have enabled a better tolerated and individualized treatment for many patients. Despite the successful history of antiepileptic drug development programs, second and third generation antiepileptic drugs targeting synaptic transmission have, however, failed to solve the problem of pharmacoresistance. New directions in pharmacological development include chronic models of epilepsy in drug screening and address primary and secondary epileptogenesis rather than focusing on the suppression of the symptoms, acute seizures. There is hope that the new approaches will allow for patient stratification for targeted therapy and will prove efficacy particularly in the patient group so far drug resistant.     

3-苯并咪唑-6-(3,5-二甲氧基苯基)吲唑类FGFR抑制剂的合成及活性研究

目的 寻找具有新型骨架结构的成纤维细胞生长因子受体(FGFR)抑制剂.方法 基于活性化合物1和2的结构,利用“杂交”设计原理,设计并合成了一系列3-苯并咪唑-6-(3,5-二甲氧基苯基)吲唑类衍生物.结果 目标化合物经1 HNMR和质谱确证结构,并评价了其对人胃癌细胞SNU-16的增殖抑制活性.结论 该系列化合物均对FGFR高表达的肿瘤细胞有较好的增殖抑制活性,其中,化合物3g的IC50值达到0.32 μmol·L-1.3-苯并咪唑-6-(3,5-二甲氧基苯基)吲唑是一类新型的FGFR抑制剂骨架,值得进一步结构修饰研究.     

多糖的化学结构及活性研究进展

目的对多糖的结构及活性进行综述,以期对后期的研究提供参考。方法查阅相关文献,对其研究成果进行总结归纳。结果多糖是一类高分子化合物,具有抑制肿瘤、调节机体免疫功能、降血脂、降血糖、抗衰老和抗氧化等多种生物活性。结论多糖的多种生物活性与结构密切相关,指导着研究结构修饰的方向。     

Refinement of CARTO-guided substrate modification in patients with ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction

Background Substrate modification guided by CARTO system has been introduced to facilitate linear ablation of ventricular tachycardia （VT） after myocardial infarction （MI）. However, there is no commonly accepted standard approach available for drawing these ablation lines. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to practically refine this time consuming procedure.
Methods Substrate modification was performed in 23 consecutive patients with frequent VTs after MI using the CARTO system. The initial target site （ITS） for ablation was identified by pace mapping （PM） during sinus rhythm and/or entrainment pacing （EM） during VT. According to the initial target site, two approaches were used. The initial target site in approach one has a similar QRS morphology as VT and an interval from the stimulus to the onset of QRS cmplex （S-QRS） of ≥50 ms during PM in sinus rhythm or a difference of the post pacing interval and VT cycle length ≤30 ms during concealed entrainment pacing of VT; The initial target site in approach two has an similar QRS morphology as VT and an S-QRS of 〈50 ms during PM in sinus rhythm.
Results Overall, 50 lines were performed with a length of （35±11） mm. Procedure time averaged （232±56） minutes, fluoroscopy time （10±8） minutes. Sixteen patients were initially involved into approach one. After completion of 3±1 ablation lines, no further VT was inducible in 13 patients. The remaining 3 patients were switched to use the alternative approach. However, in none of them the alternative approaches were successful. Approach two was initially used in 7 patients. After completion of 3±1 ablation lines, no further VT was inducible in only 2 patients. The remaining 5 patients were switched to approach one, which resulted in noninducibility of VT in 4 of them. The initial successful rate was significantly higher in the group of approach one compared to that in the group of approach two （13/16 patients vs 2/7 patients, P=-0.026）.
Conclusions The approach for     

HDAC1过表达诱导胶质瘤细胞产生耐药性

目的:构建组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase 1,HDAC1)过表达胶质瘤U87细胞系,探讨HDAC1过表达对胶质瘤细胞化疗药耐药性的影响.方法:分别用HDAC1重组过表达慢病毒载体pCDH-CMV-MCS-HDAC1-EF1-Puro和阴性空载体病毒pCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1-Puro转染U87MG细胞,通过嘌呤梯度浓度筛选出HDAC1稳定过表达细胞系U87MG-HDAC1和空载体对照细胞系U87 MG-Control,经Western Blotting鉴定,用不同浓度替尼泊苷(VM-26)和顺铂(cisplatin,DDP)对两种细胞进行处理,MTT法检测存活率,Hoechst/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡,Western Blotting检测Bcl-2、Bax及Caspase-3蛋白表达.结果:成功构建U87MG-HDAC1稳定过表达细胞系.与U87 MG-Control组相比,U87MG-HDAC1组中U87MG-HDAC1蛋白的表达显著升高[(1.148 ±0.024) vs (0.580 ±0.003),P＜0.01];药物处理后,U87MG-HDAC1细胞存活率显著升高[0.1μg/ml VM-26:(95.57±0.45)％ vs (68.8±1.49)％,P＜0.01],[0.08 μg/ml DDP:(99.20±7.4)％vs(72.48±2.03)％,P＜0.01];凋亡细胞个数比例明显下降(均P ＜0.05),Caspase-3蛋白表达量显著降低(P＜0.01),Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达量比值明显升高(P＜0.01).结论:胶质瘤U87MG细胞中HDAC1过表达明显增强细胞对化疗药耐药性与Caspase-3和Bcl-2/Bax表达有关.     

灵芝精氨酸甲基转移酶基因鉴定及表达分析

目的:在灵芝转录组基础上,对灵芝蛋白质精氨酸甲基转移酶(PRMTs)GLPRMT1,GLPRMT2和GLPRMT3基因进行全面的生物信息学分析。方法:利用生物信息学方法对灵芝GLPRMT1,GLPRMT2和GLPRMT3基因编码氨基酸序列的理化特性、亲/疏水性、功能域、二级结构、三级结构和系统发育进化等进行分析和预测;利用转录组FPKM分析灵芝不同生长时期GLPRMT1,GLPRMT2和GLPRMT3基因的相对表达量。结果:GLPRMT1和GLPRMT2均具有完整的开放阅读框且为全长,而GLPRMT3不为全长互补脱氧核糖核酸;GLPRMT1,GLPRMT2和GLPRMT3都具有蛋白质精氨酸甲基转移酶最保守的Ado Met-MTases结构域;GLPRMT1,GLPRMT2,GLPRMT3分别与真菌的PRMT3家族,PRMT1家族和PRMT5家族聚为一支;GLPRMT2的表达量明显高于GLPRMT1和GLPRMT3,且3个蛋白质精氨酸甲基转移酶基因表达随着灵芝个体的发育均呈上升趋势。结论:本研究结果为揭示灵芝的表观调控机制提供理论基础。     

西松烷型二萜衍生物的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的基于西松烷型二萜天然产物新巴豆瑞士松酸进行结构修饰,并对得到的衍生物进行体外抗肿瘤活性评价。方法以新巴豆瑞士松酸为起始原料,通过缩合反应、点击化学反应得到目标化合物。采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法考察所合成的目标化合物对HeLa、K562和K562A/02肿瘤细胞的抗增殖活性。结果合成了11个文献未报道的新巴豆瑞士松酸衍生物,其结构经~1H-NMR、~(13)C-NMR及HR-MS确定。活性测试结果表明,部分衍生物表现出一定的抗肿瘤活性,其中,化合物2f对HeLa细胞表现出良好活性,化合物2e对K562和耐药的K562A/02细胞表现出良好活性。结论部分衍生物对耐药的K562A/02细胞表现出抗肿瘤活性,具有进一步研究价值。     

A phosphorylated subpopulation of the histone variant macroH2A1 is excluded from the inactive X chromosome and enriched during mitosis

Histone variants play an important role in numerous biological processes through changes in nucleosome structure and stability and possibly through mechanisms influenced by posttranslational modifications unique to a histone variant. The family of histone H2A variants includes members such as H2A.Z, the DNA damage-associated H2A.X, macroH2A (mH2A), and H2ABbd (Barr body-deficient). Here, we have undertaken the challenge to decipher the posttranslational modification-mediated "histone code" of mH2A, a variant generally associated with certain forms of condensed chromatin such as the inactive X chromosome in female mammals. By using female human cells as a source of mH2A, endogenous mH2A was purified and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Although mH2A is in low abundance compared with conventional histones, we identified a phosphorylation site, S137ph, which resides within the "hinge" region of mH2A. This lysine-rich hinge is an approximately 30-aa stretch between the H2A and macro domains, proposed to bind nucleic acids. A specific antibody to S137ph was raised; by using this reagent, S137 phosphorylation was found to be present in both male and female cells and on both splice variants of the mH2A1 gene. Although mH2A is generally enriched on the inactive X chromosome in female cells, mH2AS137ph is excluded from this heterochromatic structure. Thus, a phosphorylated subpopulation of mH2A appears to play a unique role in chromatin regulation beyond X inactivation. We provide evidence that S137ph is enriched in mitosis, suggestive of a role in the regulation of mH2A posttranslational modifications throughout the cell cycle.