全文获取类型
收费全文 | 84540篇 |
免费 | 7259篇 |
国内免费 | 4016篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 201篇 |
儿科学 | 1583篇 |
妇产科学 | 885篇 |
基础医学 | 14635篇 |
口腔科学 | 793篇 |
临床医学 | 6574篇 |
内科学 | 23690篇 |
皮肤病学 | 1148篇 |
神经病学 | 2716篇 |
特种医学 | 1497篇 |
外国民族医学 | 9篇 |
外科学 | 4439篇 |
综合类 | 12683篇 |
现状与发展 | 21篇 |
预防医学 | 6733篇 |
眼科学 | 483篇 |
药学 | 9676篇 |
21篇 | |
中国医学 | 3918篇 |
肿瘤学 | 4110篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 904篇 |
2022年 | 1691篇 |
2021年 | 2631篇 |
2020年 | 2491篇 |
2019年 | 2872篇 |
2018年 | 2731篇 |
2017年 | 2703篇 |
2016年 | 3090篇 |
2015年 | 3366篇 |
2014年 | 5436篇 |
2013年 | 5752篇 |
2012年 | 5475篇 |
2011年 | 5916篇 |
2010年 | 4734篇 |
2009年 | 4508篇 |
2008年 | 4541篇 |
2007年 | 4509篇 |
2006年 | 4155篇 |
2005年 | 3537篇 |
2004年 | 2982篇 |
2003年 | 2600篇 |
2002年 | 2169篇 |
2001年 | 1981篇 |
2000年 | 1589篇 |
1999年 | 1372篇 |
1998年 | 1236篇 |
1997年 | 1068篇 |
1996年 | 928篇 |
1995年 | 955篇 |
1994年 | 799篇 |
1993年 | 654篇 |
1992年 | 599篇 |
1991年 | 457篇 |
1990年 | 395篇 |
1989年 | 346篇 |
1988年 | 315篇 |
1987年 | 260篇 |
1986年 | 215篇 |
1985年 | 492篇 |
1984年 | 506篇 |
1983年 | 399篇 |
1982年 | 410篇 |
1981年 | 345篇 |
1980年 | 316篇 |
1979年 | 274篇 |
1978年 | 229篇 |
1977年 | 175篇 |
1976年 | 180篇 |
1975年 | 158篇 |
1974年 | 131篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
21.
Stefan Scholz Florian Koerber Kinga Meszaros Rosa Maya Fassbender Bernhard Ultsch Robert R. Welte Wolfgang Greiner 《Vaccine》2019,37(12):1692-1701
Introduction
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a severe disease mainly affecting infants and young children. The most common serogroup causing IMD in Germany is the serogroup type B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB). The aim of the present study is to estimate the economic burden of MenB-related IMD in Germany.Method
A bottom-up, model-based costing approach has been used to calculate the diagnose- and age-specific yearly lifetime costs of a hypothetical cohort of MenB-related IMD cases. Direct costs contain the treatment cost for the acute phase of the disease, long-term sequelae, costs for rehabilitation, and public health response. Indirect costs are calculated for the human-capital approach and the friction-cost approach considering productivity losses of patients or parents for the acute phase and long-term sequelae. Publicly available databases from the Federal Statistical Office, the SOEP panel data set, literature, and expert opinion were used as data sources. All future costs beyond the reference year of 2015 were discounted at 3%.Results
The total costs for the hypothetical cohort (343 patients) from a societal perspective are €19.6 million (€57,100/IMD case) using the friction-cost approach and €58.8 million (€171,000/IMD case) using the human-capital approach. Direct costs amount to €18.6 million or €54,300 €/case. Sequelae are responsible for 81% of the direct costs/case.Discussion
The elevated costs/MenB-related IMD case reflect the severity of the disease. The total costs are sensitive to the productivity-loss estimation approach applied. MenB is an uncommon but severe disease; The costs/case reflect the severity of the disease and is within the same magnitude as for human papilloma virus infections. The available literature on sequelae is due to the uncommonness limited and heterogeneous. 相似文献22.
23.
《Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal》2022,30(6):669-678
BackgroundIschemia reperfusion (I/R) play an imperative role in the expansion of cardiovascular disease. Sinomenine (SM) has been exhibited to possess antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anticarcinogenic properties. The aim of the study was scrutinized the cardioprotective effect of SM against I/R injury in rat.MethodsRat were randomly divided into normal control (NC), I/R control and I/R + SM (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), respectively. Ventricular arrhythmias, body weight and heart weight were estimated. Antioxidant, inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory mediators and plasmin system indicator were accessed.ResultsPre-treated SM group rats exhibited the reduction in the duration and incidence of ventricular fibrillation, ventricular ectopic beat (VEB) and ventricular tachycardia along with suppression of arrhythmia score during the ischemia (30 and 120 min). SM treated rats significantly (P < 0.001) altered the level of antioxidant parameters. SM treatment significantly (P < 0.001) repressed the level of creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), creatine kinase (CK) and troponin I (Tnl). SM treated rats significantly (P < 0.001) repressed the tissue factor (TF), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and plasma fibrinogen (Fbg) and inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators.ConclusionOur result clearly indicated that SM plays anti-arrhythmia effect in I/R injury in the rats via alteration of oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction. 相似文献
24.
Micro‐evolution of the hepatitis B virus genome in hepatitis B e‐antigen‐positive carriers: Comparison of genotypes B and C at various immune stages 下载免费PDF全文
25.
This study aimed to observe the therapeutic effects of magnesium lithospermate B on acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sodiumsulfate (DSS) and the role of inflammasome complex (NOD-like receptor protein, NLRP; apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing, ASC; caspase-1). Establishment of acute and chronic colitis models were by using 5% DSS oral administration in BALB/C male mice. Magnesium lithospermate B (240 mg/kg body weight) was given by subcutaneous injection. Samples were collected for biomarker assay, histological examination, immunohistochemical evaluation and western blot. There was obvious increase in TNF-α level and NLPR3, ASC, and caspase-1 expressions in acute and chronic colitis groups compared with the normal control. Significant decrease of the tumor necrosis factor-α level and the expressions of NLPR3, ASC, and caspase-1 were observed after treatment with magnesium lithospermate B. This study showed that magnesium lithospermate B could be used to treat acute and chronic colitis by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 pathway. 相似文献
26.
Flavia Temperilli Aldona Rina Isabella Massimi Anna Lisa Montemari Maria Luisa Guarino Alessandra Zicari 《Platelets》2015,26(8):783-787
Serum thromboxane-B2 (TxB2), together with arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation, are, at the moment, the most used tests to identify patients displaying high on-aspirin treatment platelet reactivity (HAPR). Both tests are specific for aspirin action on cyclooxygenase-1. While the correlation between serum TxB2 assay and clinical outcome is established, data are conflicting with regard to aspirin treatment and a possible association with AA-stimulated platelet markers and clinical outcome. To understand such discrepancy, we performed a retrospective study to compare both assays. We collected data from 132 patients receiving a daily dose of aspirin (100?mg/day) and data from 48 patients receiving aspirin on alternate days. All Patients who received a daily dose of aspirin were studied for AA-induced platelet aggregation together with serum TxB2 levels and AA-induced TxB2 formation was also studied in 71 patients out of entire population. Consistent with recommendations in the literature, we defined HAPR by setting a cut-off point at 3.1?ng/ml for serum levels of thromboxane B2 and 20% for AA-induced platelet aggregation. According to this cut-off point, we divided our overall population into two groups: (1) TxB2?<?3.1?ng/ml and (2) TxB2?>?3.1?ng/ml. We found low agreement between such tests to identify patients displaying HAPR. Our results show that AA-induced platelet aggregation >20% identify a smaller number of HAPR patients in comparison with TxB2. A good correlation between serum TxB2 and arachidonic acid-induced TxB2 production was found (r?=?0.76619). 相似文献
27.
28.
《Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR》2020,31(5):760-768.e1
PurposeTo investigate dynamic variables obtained from retrospective computed tomography angiography for ability to predict thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) outcomes in patients with complicated type B aortic dissection (cTBAD).Materials and MethodsSeventy-nine patients with cTBAD who received TEVAR from March 2009 to June 2018 were retrospectively enrolled. Relative true lumen area (r-TLA) was computed at the level of tracheal bifurcation every 5% of all R-R intervals. Parameters that reflect the state of intimal motion were evaluated, including difference between maximum and minimum r-TLA (D-TLA) and true lumen collapse. The endpoints comprised early (≤ 30 days) and late (> 30 days) outcomes after intervention.ResultsOverall early mortality rate was 13.9% (11/79), and early adverse events rate was 24.1% (19/79). Patients who received TEVAR within 2 days of symptom onset demonstrated the worst outcomes. A longer time of r-TLA < 25% in 1 cardiac cycle (P = .049) and larger D-TLA (P < .001) were correlated to an increased early death. In addition, D-TLA was an independent predictor of early mortality. Area under the curve of D-TLA was 0.849 (95% confidence interval 0.730–0.967) for predicting early mortality and 0.742 (95% CI 0.611–0.873) for predicting early adverse events. Survival and event-free survival rates during follow-up were decreased in the D-TLA > 21.5% group compared with the D-TLA ≤ 21.5% group (all P < .001).ConclusionsLarger D-TLA is correlated with worse postoperative outcomes and might be a crucial parameter for future risk stratification in patients with cTBAD. 相似文献
29.
目的:建立鼠巨细胞病毒(MCMV)感染C57BL/6小鼠急性肝炎模型并对其感染特点进行分析及鉴定。方法:将24 只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为阴性对照组(n =12)及病毒感染组(n =12),病毒感染组腹腔注射1.0×106 PFU(200 μL)MCMV悬液,阴性对照组注射等体积小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(MEF)悬液。于感染后第3天和第7天取外周血分离血清检测谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)。同时进行肝组织病毒分离、组织病理学及MCMV IE和M55基因、细胞因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的检测。结果:病毒感染组肝组织匀浆病毒分离均为阳性,肝炎发生率为100%。在感染后第3天即发生肝炎病理改变,病毒感染组血清ALT及AST较阴性对照组明显升高(P <0.01);病毒感染组肝脏HE染色第3天可见局灶性炎性细胞浸润及肝脏点灶状坏死,持续至第7天,Ishak评分较阴性对照组明显升高(P <0.01);在感染后第3天病毒感染组肝组织内可检测到MCMV IE及M55基因,且在感染后第7天仍可测得IE基因;感染后第3天及第7天病毒感染组炎性细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α及IL-1β mRNA表达水平明显升高(P <0.05)。 结论:成功建立MCMV感染C57BL/6小鼠急性动物肝炎模型,其感染表现主要集中在急性感染前期。 相似文献
30.
Although hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the primary cause of enterically transmitted acute hepatitis and jaundice in developing countries, locally acquired HEV infections are increasing in nonendemic countries. As such, HEV is emerging as an underdiagnosed cause of infection. This report describes three clinically variable cases of HEV infection with unusual clinical presentations. These cases highlight the fact that HEV should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with unexplained hepatitis (acute or chronic) with or without extrahepatic manifestations. HEV should also be considered in patients with persistently elevated liver enzymes who have not travelled to known HEV-endemic regions. Lack of knowledge among physicians and an absence of standardized diagnostic tests may result in increased morbidity and mortality from HEV infection. 相似文献