上海市婚后六年妻子避孕知识状况及影响因素分析

目的 :了解上海市 80年代末初婚 76 93对夫妇婚后 6年内妻子避孕知识状况。方法 :由描述及拟合多元线性回归模型对影响妻子婚后 6年时避孕知识得分的因素进行分析。结果 :该时 96 .3 %的夫妇已有一孩 ;妻子平均避孕知识得分 ( 1 6 .4分 )虽明显高于新婚 3个月时 ( 5.9分 ) ,但与婚后 1 5个月时比较 ( 1 1 .9分 ) ,无显著差异 ;0 .9%仍对避孕措施一无所知 ;2 0 .5%仍不会正确使用避孕套 ;虽 95%知道口服药 ,仅 3 1 .8%能正确述出使用方法 ,对安全期基本了解的正确性相对较高 ,在 91 .7%的知道该措施的妻子中 ,77.1 %能基本掌握推算排卵期方法。多元回归模型显示 ,该时妻子避孕知识得分主要与其对避孕措施的负性态度、了解生殖健康有关知识的广度或受丈夫的避孕知识的影响有明显关系。不了解避孕套能预防艾滋病、性病或不愿使用某避孕措施的妻子其避孕知识得分明显偏低 ;产后首选非宫内节育器或有多种性生活体位者该时的避孕知识得分也相对较高。结论 :随婚后时间的推移 ,上海市妻子避孕知识增长趋向缓慢。计划生育工作人员及社会媒体有必要结合生殖健康知识的普及 ,继续加强对已生育孩子的夫妇双方避孕知识 ,特别是口服药对妇女健康效应的教育 ,以提高可接受性 ,进一步保障妇女健康、降低人工流产率。     

糖尿病病人自我管理能力的调查分析

为了解糖尿病病人自我管理能力对疾病的影响 ,对 2 3 7例糖尿病病人自我管理能力进行调查。结果自我管理能力强者血糖控制显著好于自我管理能力差者 ,并发症发生率显著低于自我管理能力差者 (均 P<0 .0 1) ;年龄越大自我管理能力越差 (组间比较 ,P<0 .0 5 ;两两比较 ,均 P<0 .0 1) ;接受过健康教育者自我管理能力显著高于未接受教育者 ( P<0 .0 0 1)。提示糖尿病病人的自我管理能力对疾病有直接、重大的影响 ,自我管理能力强 ,则疾病能得到较好控制 ,而健康教育可提高自我管理能力     

Preoperative administration of controlled-release oxycodone as a transition opioid for total intravenous anaesthesia in pain control after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background  The complexity of pain from laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the need for treating incident pain provide rationale for multipharmacological analgesia. We investigated the preoperative administration of controlled-release (CR) oxycodone as transition opioid from remifentanil infusion for pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods  Fifty consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly, double-blindly assigned to treatment group (n = 25, CR oxycodone: 1 h before surgery and 12 h after the first administration) or to the control group (n = 25, placebo: administered at the same intervals). General anaesthesia was maintained with propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusions (TCIs). All patients received ketorolac 30 mg i.v. Tramadol i.v. was administered for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) postoperatively. Numerical rating scale for pain at rest and at movement (NRSr and NRSi), tramadol consumption, times to readiness to surgery and awakening, times to modified Aldrete’s and modified Post-Anesthetic Discharge Scoring System (PADSS) >9 and side effects were evaluated. Results  All NRSr and NRSi and tramadol consumption were significantly lower in the treatment group. The oxycodone group showed higher modified Aldrete’s scores at each time and reached a PADSS >9 faster. Side effects and postoperative nausea and vomiting episodes were comparable. Conclusions  We demonstrated the success of a multipharmacological treatment including opioid premedication with CR oxycodone used as transition opioid for TCI remifentanil infusion; the treatment group showed lower pain scores and rescue analgesic consumption, shorter time to discharge from recovery room and from surgical ward, and the same incidence of side effects, comparably to controls. Sources of financial support for the work: University of Parma, viale Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma PR, Italy.     

Global health inequalities and breast cancer: an impending public health problem for developing countries

The aim of the study was to provide information on the global health inequality pattern produced by the increasing incidence of breast cancer and its relationship with the health expenditure of developing countries with emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa. It examines the difference between the health expenditure of developed and developing countries, and how this affects breast cancer incidence and mortality. The data collected from the World Health Organization and World Bank were examined, using bivariate analysis, through scatter-plots and Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. Multivariate analysis was carried out by multiple regression analysis. National income, health expenditure affects breast cancer incidence, particularly between the developed and developing countries. However, these factors do not adequately explain variations in mortality rates. The study reveals the risk posed to developing countries to solving the present and predicted burden of breast cancer, currently characterized by late presentation, inadequate health care systems, and high mortality. Findings from this study contribute to the knowledge of the burden of disease in developing countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa, and how that is related to globalization and health inequalities.     

Paediatric surgery carried out by general surgeons: a rural New Zealand experience

Background: There are increasing moves towards centralization in paediatric surgery. With only four paediatric tertiary centres in New Zealand, many general surgeons still routinely carry out paediatric surgery. We present an audit of paediatric surgical patients admitted to our general surgical unit. Methods: Data were prospectively recorded using a standardized pro forma on all children aged 15 years and below, who presented to general surgery between 11 December 2005 and 11 December 2006. Results: There were 209 admissions (194 children); the median age was 8 years (range 6 weeks to 15 years) with 153 (73%) acutes. Male : female ratio was 3:2 and 37 children (18%) were less than 2 years of age. Procedures (n = 119) comprised appendicectomy (35), inguinal herniotomy (30), skin procedures (29), endoscopy (10), testicular (10) and others (5). The commonest acute and elective operations were appendicectomy and inguinal herniotomy, respectively, with 51% of all operations carried out acutely. There were 10 tertiary hospital transfers (5%) for burns (4), pyloric stenosis (3), intussusception (1), neonatal inguinal hernia (1) and pyoderma gangrenosum (1). Median age of transfers was 11 months (range 6 weeks to 14 years). Complications were wound infection (1), postoperative ileus (2) and infarcted ovary (1). Conclusion: A large number of children presented to our surgical department. Approximately half required surgery and half of the operations were acute. There is still a significant need for general paediatric surgery in the provinces and hence close collaboration with specialist paediatric surgeons.     

改良一步式经皮肾造瘘法应用疗效评价

目的评价改良一步式经皮肾穿刺造瘘法临床应用效果。方法因结石或输尿管狭窄所致梗阻性肾积液或积脓、并有开放性肾切开取石术病史的患者65例,男34例、女31例,平均年龄45岁。随机分2组行经皮肾造瘘引流术。一步式组32例,以改良一步式经皮肾造瘘管直接穿刺引流；逐步式组33例,以传统经皮肾筋膜扩张套管进行肾穿刺造瘘。术前2组平均年龄、肾积液厚度、血肌酐、血红蛋白浓度差异无统计学意义。比较2组患者手术时间、出血量、术中术后并发症。结果一步式组与逐步式组一次穿刺成功率（96．9％vs 78．8％）、手术时间（10．2±2．4 vs 25．6±5．7 min）、平均出血量（5．2±2．6 vs 30．3±6．4 ml）、平均穿刺次数（1．1±0．6 vs 2．3±1．2次）、并发症发生率（3．1％vs 9．1％）等差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论一步式经皮肾穿刺造瘘法与传统逐步筋膜扩张套管法比较操作简便、出血量少、成功率高。     

以患者当前关注点为主导的健康教育在急性冠脉综合征患者中的应用

目的 探讨以当前关注点为主导对急性冠脉综合征(ACS)住院患者实施健康教育的效果.方法 将92例ACS患者按住院病区分为观察组(48例)和对照组(44例),观察组采取以当前关注点为主导的健康教育方式,对照组采取传统的健康教育方式;采用问卷对两组健康教育后的知识掌握情况进行评价.结果 观察组ACS相关知识得分显著高于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 以当前关注点为主导的健康教育充分调动了患者的主观能动性,促进了患者对知识的掌握,提高了健康教育效果.     

Bringing to light the health needs of African-American men: the Overtown Men's Health Study

Background

The harsh intersections of racism and sexism in US society have contorted roles for African-American men and damaged their social ties, thereby contributing to excess morbidity and mortality in communities of color. The Overtown Men's Health Study is used here as a case study to examine the health needs of African-American men.

Methods

Men aged 18 years and older who resided in the neighborhood of Overtown within Miami, Florida, USA completed an in-person survey administered at 15 community sites: 3 housing complexes, 3 rooming houses, 3 commercial sites, 2 abandoned buildings, 1 large and 1 small public park, 1 union hall, and 1 community center.

Results

The vast majority of respondents (n = 129) were identified as Black/African-American (95.3%). Just 9.3% of the men surveyed were currently married, yet over half were fathers (59.7%). Nearly two-thirds (62.8%) of the men in Overtown reported drinking alcohol, and almost half (47.3%) reported smoking cigarettes. Only one of three (33.3%) Overtown men reported having a primary care physician or health practitioner, and only one of five (20.2%) had received dental care in the previous 12 months. A remarkable one of four (25.6%) Overtown men reported having been a victim of police violence, and nearly two-thirds (65.9%) reported having been incarcerated.

Conclusions

These findings are a call to action issuing from Overtown to other distressed neighborhoods of color within central cities through the USA. Urgent pursuit of measures for reducing social disparities in health for African-American men is ethically compulsory.     

Psychological well‐being and psychosocial work environment characteristics among emergency medical and nursing staff

The aim of this study was to determine if the effect of psychosocial work environment on psychological well‐being was different for doctors and nurses who work in emergency departments in Spain. A cross‐sectional survey was carried out among 945 emergency doctors and nurses staff from Spain. The outcome variable was the psychological well‐being measured by two dimensions of SF‐36 Health Survey (SF‐36) (mental health, vitality) and one dimension of Maslach's Burnout Inventory (emotional exhaustion). The explanatory variable was the psychosocial work environment evaluated according to Karasek and Johnson's demand‐control model that includes the dimensions of psychological demands, job control, supervisor social support and co‐workers' social support. The adjusted odds ratios and their 95 per cent confidence intervals were calculated by logistic regression. The prevalence of low vitality, bad mental health and high emotional exhaustion was higher among doctors than nurses. Exposure to high psychological demands increased the probability of low vitality, bad mental health and high emotional exhaustion among doctors and nurses. Low job control and low co‐workers' social support at work were associated with poor psychological well‐being only among doctors. Low job supervisors' social support increased the risk of bad mental health among doctors and of high emotional exhaustion among nurses. There is a different effect of psychosocial work environment on psychological well‐being between doctors and nurses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.