健康教育在糖尿病病人中的应用

目的：通过对患者在住院过程中的系统教育，使患者了解自己疾病的知识，提高患者对糖尿病的认知水平和自我管理能力，养成良好的健康行为和生活方式，从而提高生活质量。方法：采用集体、个体、自学等形式进行教育。结果：通过培养，患者掌握了一些基本的操作技能，明显缩短了住院日，同时激发了护士与患者学习专业知识的热情，减少或延缓了并发症的发生。结论：①健康教育是一个护患双边活动过程。②通过教育，可不断提高护士的自身修养和专业知识水平。③健康教育是糖尿病患者学习糖尿病知识，提高自我护理能力的有效途径。     

The burden of brain diseases in Europe.

The burden [as defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO)] of brain diseases (neurological, neurosurgical and psychiatric diseases together) is very high and yet resources spent on these diseases are not necessarily commensurate with the extent of this burden. However, hard data on the burden of brain diseases in Europe have not previously been easily accessible. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 1990 study conducted jointly by the WHO, Harvard University and the World Bank provided new measures that are now becoming universally accepted and have been used also in a repeat study: The GBD 2000. The key parameter of the study is disability adjusted life years (DALY), which is the sum of years of life lost (YLL) caused by premature death and years of life lived with disability (YLD). In the present report, data from the GBD 2000 study and from the World Health Report 2001 on brain diseases is extracted for the territory of Europe. This territory corresponds roughly to the membership countries of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. The WHO's Report has a category called neuropsychiatric diseases, which comprises the majority but not all the brain diseases. In order to gather all brain diseases, stroke, meningitis, half of the burden of injuries and half of the burden of congenital abnormalities are added. Throughout Europe, 23% of the years of healthy life is lost and 50% of YLD are caused by brain diseases. Regarding the key summary measure of lost health, DALY, 35% are because of brain diseases. The fact that approximately one-third of all burden of disease is caused by brain diseases should have an impact on resource allocation to teaching, reasearch, health care and prevention. Although other factors are also of importance, it seems reasonable that one-third of the curriculum at medical school should deal with the brain and that one-third of life science funding should go to basic and clinical neuroscience. In addition, resource allocation to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases should be increased to approach, at least, one-third of health care expenditure. With the present data on hand, neurologists, neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, patient organizations and basic neuroscientists have a better possibility to increase the focus on the brain.     

血康口服液与他莫昔芬联合治疗免疫性血小板减少性紫癜疗效观察

联合应用血康口服液和他莫昔芬治疗成人免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)20例。疗程超过2月。15例患者的血小板(BPC)计数明显上升,有效率为75％(15/20),对于激素治疗无效者,仍有良效。对月经过多者和不适合应用激素者尤为适应。两药合用无明显副作用。治疗起效时间较快,平均13天。疗效持续时间较长,长者已达一年以上。     

Health status measurement in Parkinson's disease: validity of the PDQ-39 and Nottingham Health Profile.

We assessed the feasibility and psychometric properties of two commonly used health status questionnaires in Parkinson's disease (PD): the generic Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and the disease-specific 39-item Parkinson's disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), from a cross-sectional postal survey of PD patients (N = 81), using traditional and Rasch measurement methodologies. Overall response rate was 88%. Both questionnaires were found feasible, although the NHP performed less well. The PDQ-39 had fewer floor effects and was better able to separate respondents into distinct groups than the NHP, whereas the latter exhibited less ambiguous dimensionality and better targeting of respondents with non-extreme scores. Reliability and validity indices were similar, and potential differential item functioning by age and gender groups was found for both questionnaires. PDQ-39 response alternatives indicated ambiguity. With few exceptions, questionnaire scales were unable to meet recommended standards fully. While preliminary, this study illustrates the need for thorough evaluation of outcome measures and has implications beyond the questionnaires used here. Although promising, both questionnaires warrant further developmental work and stronger support of measurement validity before they could be considered fully suitable for valid use in PD, in particular in earlier stages of the disease.     

Controlling for occasion-specific effects when assessing the test–retest reliability of self-report health questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: This study proposes a method for self-report health questionnaires to adjust test-retest reliability for changes during the test-retest interval based on an external measure, and to distinguish such changes from random response errors. METHODS: In our application, eighty participants completed the Symptoms of Illness Checklist (SIC) on two occasions, two weeks apart, immediately before interviews given on each occasion by one of two physicians in a crossover design. The physician interview scores served as external measures, and structural equation modeling was used to estimate the parameters of a model that corrected for the occasion-specific effect of participants' responses using information from the interviews. RESULTS: Correcting for changes in symptoms during the test-retest interval increased SIC test-retest reliability from .744 to .804 and significantly improved model fit (chi2(diff)(1) = 30.78, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest methods that can improve the evaluation of self-report health questionnaire test-retest reliability by identifying changes using an external measure, and distinguishing these from random response errors; these increased the estimated SIC test-retest reliability and indicated that the SIC was indeed able to measure changes over the studied time interval. This method can be applied across a broad range of questionnaires.     

Reproductive health knowledge and implications: A study in Nigeria

Forty-five percent of Nigeria's population is under age 15. This study employed a questionnaire to learn the level of reproductive health knowledge of 416 male and female Nigerian students ages 10 through 16.

The Chi-square statistical procedure was used as demographic characteristics were related to reproductive health knowledge among the pre-teen and teenage youth. Statistically significant (p #lt 0.05) relationships were found between variables such as knowledge of reproduction, family planning, and AIDS when each was compared separately to age, gender, living situation while at school, school club memberships, and so on. With respect to reproduction and related topics, older teenagers indicated more knowledge than pre-teenagers, girls more than boys, and those living in dormitories more than those living at home or in other housing while attending school.

Television ranked first in terms of students' sources of information on reproduction, pregnancy, birth control, and AIDS. Newspapers ranked second, radio third, teachers fourth, and parents fifth. Perhaps the most striking data are the “I don't know” responses with respect to AIDS. Thirteen percent had not heard of AIDS, 27 percent did not know how AIDS is transmitted, 29 percent did not know the seriousness of AIDS, 37 percent did not know how to avoid AIDS, and 14 percent did not know that a mother with AIDS might infect her baby. Recommendations are made for increasing health services and education concerning reproductive health for pre-teen and teenage students.     

The Dodo Bird: Less a Verdict Than an Opportunity

I contend that although the Luborsky et al. findings on the Dodo bird verdict are noteworthy, the methodology on which they are based is significantly delimited. Amplifying Luborsky et al.'s moderate recognition of that delimitation, I propose a qualitative complement to the extant research. I call this complement "amalgamated" qualitative research and propose that it will deepen, clarify, and contextualize Luborsky et al.'s enigmatic findings. Until this amalgam is implemented, therapy research will be relegated to impressions rather than fine-grained illuminations.     

Predictors of mortality in an aging community-based cohort in Korea

Background: Multiple factors related to specific dimensions of health – general, physical and mental – contribute to mortality in the elderly, but their relative contributions to mortality risk is not well‐known. The objectives of this prospective population‐based cohort study were to measure mortality rates and to identify predictors of mortality in community‐dwelling men and women aged 65 years or older in Korea by examining self assessments of general health, objective medical burden, and measurement of cognition, mood and function. Methods: A total of 1245 elderly (529 men; 716 women) were followed up longitudinally for 3.5 years. Fixed predictor variables observed at baseline examined in Cox proportional hazards models were age, sex, education, chronic medical illnesses, self‐rated health, basic activities of daily living, depression measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale, and cognition measured by the Mini‐Mental State Examination. Results: Mortality rates were similar to those of the 2001 Korean population. Older age, male sex, poor self‐rated health and presence of cerebrovascular disease were significant predictors of mortality. Presence of ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease at baseline predicted mortality in men, but not in women. Depression predicted mortality only when chronic medical illnesses were excluded from the model. Conclusions: Subjective self‐rated health and objective medical burden are strong independent predictors of mortality in this elderly community population, in addition to age and sex.     

BP神经网络及其在药学研究中的应用

BP神经网络是目前应用最广泛的人工神经网络模型，本文详细阐述了BP神经网络的原理和特点，并论述了其在药学研究中的应用。