Epidermal growth factor receptor in human breast cancers: Correlation with estrogen and progesterone receptors

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), determined by the Scatchard curve method, was found in 22 cases of a random series of 100 patients with breast carcinoma. Two groups of patients were identified, one (n = 16) with a low concentration (0–50 fm/mg protein) of EGFR but with a high affinity (Kd = 3.2 nM), and the other (n = 6) with a high concentration (90–210 fm/mg protein) of EGFR but with a lower affinity (Kd = 6.3 nM).A significant inverse relationship was found between the presence of EGFR and receptors for estrogen (p<0.001) and progesterone (p = 0.001). EGFR was found in no (0/8) tumors with Grade I histoprognostic grade, 17% (10/58) Grade II, and 38% (11/29) Grade III (p<0.05). EGFR is present therefore in poorly differentiated tumors and associated with other factors of poor prognosis. Ourin vivo analyses confirm results found in tissue culture derived from human breast carcinoma cells.With the technical assistance of J. Barraque.     

Histological grade in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast correlates with the proliferative activity evaluated by BrdU: An immunohistochemical study including correlations with p53, c-erbB-2 and estrogen receptor status

Thirty cases of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were classified to histological subtype according to the General Rules for Clinical and Pathological Recording of Breast Cancer of the Japanese Breast Cancer Society and histologically graded using the Nottingham method and the correlation of histology with proliferative activity was investigated using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). In addition, the overexpression of p53 protein, c-erbB-2 oncoprotein and estrogen receptor (ER) were immunohistochemically examined in order to discuss the relationship with histological subtype and histological grade. Histological grade correlated positively to the BrdU labeling index (LI) and overexpression of p53. High grade carcinoma demonstrated c-erbB-2 more frequently and exhibited a low incidence of ER. However, no significant relationship was found between BrdU LI, overexpression of p53 and c-erbB-2 and histological subtype. These results suggest that the histological grade does represent the proliferative activity of tumor cells and that adding the histological grade to the pathological diagnosis in invasive ductal breast carcinoma may be useful from the clinicopathological aspect concerning tumor behavior.     

一次性注射器填充级HDPE专用料的研制

通过对母料载体树脂的筛选,无机填料的选择,添加性能优良的耐辐射助剂,制成了具有耐辐射性能、加工性能良好的母料,该母料的制备工艺简单。本文所述的填充级HDPE专用料是将HDPE与填充母料经过简单掺混制成的。经测试专用料满足国家医药标准YY 0114—93《医用输液、输血、注射器聚乙烯专用料》的要求。制品厂试验表明:该填充级的HDPE专用料加工性能良好,用该填充级HDPE专用料注射成型的注射器芯杆装配成一次性注射器满足国家专业标准ZBC 31009—87《一次性无菌注射器》的要求。该填充母料的加入可大大降低材料的成本,100份HDPE 7006A可添加67份填充母料,该填充级专用料的价格比HDPE树脂降低约1500元/吨,因此该填充级HDPE专用料的推广和使用具有良好的经济效益。     

Comparative study of the prognostic value of nuclear grade and silver-binding nucleolar organizer region in renal cell carcinomas.

Silver-binding nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) and nuclear grade were histologically assessed in 112 renal cell carcinomas. Nuclear grade was better capable of stratification than AgNOR in terms of survival prediction. It also had prognostic significance when total metastatic rates were evaluated. Although higher mean AgNOR numbers were constantly associated with higher nuclear grades, two arbitrary classifications of AgNOR (less than 1.5, 1.5-3.5, greater than 3.5; less than 2, 2-3, greater than 3) failed to resolve the survival difference.     

Visualizing metabolic changes in breast-cancer tissue using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and self-organizing maps

In-vitro NMR spectroscopic examinations of tissue extracts can be combined with appropriate pattern-recognition and visualization techniques in order to monitor characteristic metabolic differences between tissue classes. In the present study, such techniques are applied to a set of 88 breast-tissue samples with the intention of identifying typical differences between various tissue classes. The set contains 49 breast-tumor samples of various tumor grades and 39 samples of healthy tissue. The metabolite compositions of the tissue extracts were investigated using a dual extraction technique and high-resolution (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. The spectra of the hydrophilic and the lipophilic compounds were assigned to three groups according to different malignancy grades of the respective tissue samples. The group characteristics were analyzed using the k-nearest-neighbor method and self-organizing-map visualizations. The results show an increase of UDP-hexose, phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine concentrations according to the tumor grade. Higher concentrations of taurine were detected in the malignant samples. Myo-inositol and glucose content were elevated in control samples compared with malignant tissue. Both compounds also characterized different subgroups in the pool of unaffected tissue samples depending upon fat content or fibrosis. Several lipid metabolites showed a characteristic elevation with high malignancy.     

p53 protein overexpression and K-rascodon 12 mutation in pancreatic ductal carcinoma: Correlation with histologic factors

The correlation of p53 protein overexpression and the K-ras codon 12 mutatlon wlth histologlc type, grade of cytologic atypla, depth of lnvasion and other histologlc prognostic factors was studied In paraffin sectlons from 43 ductectatic-and 70 solid-type pancreatic ductal carcinomas. Overexpression of p53 was found in 23.3% (10143) of ductectatic carcinomas (17.2% of intraductal and 35.7% of lnvaslve carclnomas) and in 61.4% (43/70) of solid carcinomas. In ductectatic cancers, p53 overexpression was detected In 14.8% (4/27) of carcinomas wlth lowgrade atypla (CAL), 50.0% (5110) of carcinomas wlth high-grade atypla (CAH) and in 16.7% (In) of mixed low- and hlgh-grade cancers. In the last group, expression was restricted to an area of CAH. In solld cancers, p53 overexpression did not dlffer by histologic type or grade. Overexpresslon of p53 and K-ras mutatlons did not correlate with histologlc prognostic factors (lymphatic, venous and perineural Invasion, and lymph node metastasls) in ductectatlc and solld cancers or depth of invasion of solld carclnomas. Our data suggest that p53 alteratlon occurs at an early intraductal stage of solld carcinoma, irrespectlve of cellular atypla, but Is low in ductectatic CAL and becomes hlgher In ductectatlc CAH. K-ras mutatlon, present In a high percentage of tumors of all groups and not correlating with the factors above, showed no changes In frequency with tumor progression.     

Limiting factors for cytopathological diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions: a cytohistological correlation between findings in cervical smears and loop electrical excision procedure.

The present study sought possible factors leading to the cytological diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance (ASCUS) in cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Based on retrospective histopathological analysis of loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP) products that diagnosed HSIL, two study groups were randomly selected. The first was consisted of cases with two consecutive Papanicolaou (Pap) smears with the diagnosis of ASCUS. The second (control) group was represented by cases diagnosed as HSIL by cytology. From the Pap smears diagnosed as ASCUS, the sampling limitations was different from control group (P < 0.05). The median size of the largest lesion in each case with ASCUS was 2.66 mm (+/- 1.71 mm). In the control group, the median size of the largest lesion was 5.15 mm (+/-2.58 mm) (P < 0.05). The size of the lesion and sample limitations led patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasms to be diagnosed as ASCUS for two consecutive times, after a 6-mo period.     

Subgrouping and grading of soft-tissue sarcomas by fine-needle aspiration cytology: a histopathologic correlation study

To evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of subgrouping and grading soft-tissue sarcomas by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), a blind review was conducted of 84 FNAB specimens from 77 malignant and 7 benign soft-tissue lesions. Cytomorphologic subgroups included 31 spindle-cell, 24 pleomorphic, 11 myxoid, 7 epithelioid/polygonal, 3 small round cell, and 8 nondiagnostic cases. Malignancies included one lymphoma and 41 primary, 15 recurrent, and 20 metastatic soft-tissue sarcomas. Adequacy was defined as a majority of slides with at least 5 clusters of 10 unobscured cells. Five originally false-negative cases were considered nondiagnostic on review. Sarcoma was recognized in 59 of 64 adequate cases (92%) with available histology; however, the specific histopathologic subtype was identified in only 9 cases (14%). Benign myxoid and spindle-cell lesions were difficult to separate from low-grade sarcomas in 4 cases, and a B-cell lymphoma with sclerosis mimicked a low-grade myxoid sarcoma. The assigned cytologic grade accurately reflected the histologic grade in 90% of sarcomas when segregated into high and low grades. Pleomorphic, small round cell, and epithelioid/polygonal subgroups corresponded to high-grade sarcomas in all cases with only minor noncorrelations. Major grading noncorrelations occurred in 50% of myxoid and 9% of spindle-cell sarcomas. Therefore, attention should be given to specimen adequacy, and caution should be exercised when attempting to grade myxoid and spindle-cell sarcomas by FNAB.     

Tumor nuclear grade,estrogen receptor,and progesterone receptor: Their value alone or in combination as indicators of outcome following adjuvant therapy for breast cancer

Summary Previous reports by us have shown that the outcome of breast cancer patients who have received systemic adjuvant therapy is influenced by tumor estrogen or progesterone receptor (ER or PR) content or by nuclear grade. This publication provides information regarding the relative merit of those three markers. Findings from patients receiving L-PAM plus 5-FU (PF) or PF plus tamoxifen (PFT) indicate that the disease-free survival and survival within each regimen was almost identical when related to either ER, PR, or nuclear grade. Those having tumors with either of the receptors 10 fmol or a good nuclear grade had a better outcome through five postoperative years than did those with ER or PR 0–9 fmol or poor nuclear grade. The magnitude of the difference was similar for each of the three discriminants. Since they were found to be of equal predictive value, one marker might well serve as a substitute for another. Cox regression analyses, however, clearly indicate that ER, PR, and nuclear grade have an independent influence on outcome and that a more accurate assessment of outcome is obtained when more than one marker is employed. Thus, information should be obtained on as many markers as possible. This conclusion is supported by observations presented which indicate that nuclear grade in combination with either or both of the receptors is a better predictor than either marker alone and that, as indicated by life table probability values and relative odds ratios, an increasing number of favorable tumor prognostic indicators results in a better patient outcome particularly in PFT-treated patients. A possible explanation is considered for why the separation of receptor/nuclear grade categories is more orderly and pronounced in PF-treated patients receiving tamoxifen than in those given PF alone. See Appendix I     

中药材及饮片质量等级标准研究思路和方法

中药质量评价作为保障中药材及饮片质量安全有效的有力手段,对维护人民群众身心健康、促进中药产业高质量发展具有重要意义。长久以来,中药质量多以法定检验标准为准入门槛进行低限控制,质量等级标准缺乏,致使中药质量仅能满足基本要求,而“优质优价”未能得到充分体现,导致“劣币驱逐良币”,市场公平严重受损,这很大程度影响了中药产业高质量发展。因此,开展中药质量优劣评价研究,构建中药质量等级标准体系对于全面落实“四个最严”要求、促进中医药传承创新发展、规范市场秩序、引导产业健康发展具有深远而重大的意义。对中药材质量评价现状进行概述,针对目前中药材质量评价的瓶颈问题,提出符合中医药特点的质量等级标准研究思路,包括关键质量控制指标确立、综合质量评价方法建立、质量等级标准验证等内容,以期为建立中药质量等级评价体系提供参考,助力中药产业高质量发展。