2型糖尿病家系成员胰岛B细胞功能状态的研究

目的探讨胰岛B细胞的功能障碍在2型糖尿病(DM)发病过程中的作用。方法对49例正常人及125例2型DM一级亲属进行研究,测定了空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹血浆胰岛素,并计算HOMA模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)、胰岛B细胞功能指数(HOMAB)、胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI)、胰岛初期分泌功能指数(△I30/△G30),差异显著性用t′检验。结果一级亲属正常组HOMAB和△I30/△G30均高于正常对照组(P<0.05);一级亲属糖耐量减低(IGT)组HOMAB和△I30/△G30分别高于和低于正常对照组(P<0.05);新诊断DM组HOMAB和△I30/△G30均低于正常对照组(P<0.05)。结论2型DM一级亲属胰岛B细胞分泌功能增强,但在IGT病人B细胞初期分泌功能下降,在2型DM分泌功能明显下降。     

麻风血亲家系成员体检在早期发现麻风病例中的作用

目的:评价麻风血亲家系成员体检在文山州早期发现麻风病例中的作用。方法:回顾性分析文山州2011-2016年麻风患者血亲家系成员体检资料,比较2011-2015年与2016-2020年麻风患者血亲家系成员中新发麻风病例人口学特征及2级畸残比、平均延迟期和发现方式等流行病学指标。结果:2011-2015年和2016-2020年麻风患者血亲家系成员中新发麻风病例分别为124例和81例,2级畸残比分别为14.52%和3.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);诊断延迟期分别为16.23±3.45和10.77±1.73,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。0～14岁少年儿童占比分别为16.13%和9.88%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);多菌型占比分别为51.61%和62.97%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:麻风患者血亲家系成员体检促进了麻风病例的早期发现,降低了2级畸残比,缩短了诊断延迟期。     

Conditions That Are Significant for Advanced Cancer Patients’ Coping with Their Suffering—as Experienced by Relatives

As long as life could be lived as before patients could cope with their problems. But the progression of the illness challenged feelings and filled life with increasing levels of chaos and feelings of powerlessness. Relatives became involved quite late in the patients’ interaction with the professionals, an interaction that was characterized by lack of continuity and the professionals’ focus on the patient's sick body. It was therefore seldom that professionals had insight into the family's resources and need for professional support. This made it more difficult for the family to evaluate, control and cope with their suffering. Instead, patients gradually adapted to the professionals’ and relatives’ priorities and sometimes their control over the increasingly failing and dying body.     

Development of a Parent Advocate Program as Part of a Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Service

The provision of peer support by individuals who have had personal experience with a particular crisis can be a vital component in facilitating the adjustment process of others who are confronted with the sane crisis. There is growing interest in using such peer support for thc parents of children and adolescents with diseases such as cancer. This article describes the historical development and current focus of the Parent Advocate Program within the Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology at the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York. The authors discuss potential pitfalls, such as emotional involvement with families on the parent advocate's part, and present ingredients for the development of a successful program, including careful selection of individuals who can interact successfully with various staff members and learn the professional role of parent advocate.     

Suppression of glucagon secretion is lower after oral glucose administration than during intravenous glucose administration in human subjects

Aims/hypothesis

The incretin effect describes the augmentation of postprandial insulin secretion by gut hormones. It is not known whether glucagon secretion is also influenced by an incretin effect. A glucagon suppression deficiency has been reported in some patients with type 2 diabetes, but it is unclear whether this abnormality is present prior to diabetes onset. We therefore addressed the questions: (1) Is glucagon secretion different after oral and during intravenous glucose administration? (2) If so, is this related to the secretion of incretin hormones? (3) Is glucagon secretion abnormal in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes?

Materials and methods

We examined 16 first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes and ten matched control subjects with an oral glucose load (75 g) and with an ‘isoglycaemic’ intravenous glucose infusion.

Results

Glucagon levels were significantly suppressed by both oral and intravenous glucose (p?p?r?=?0.60, p?=?0.001) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 (r?=?0.46, p?first-degree relatives and control subjects.

Conclusions/interpretation

Despite the glucagonostatic actions of GLP-1, the suppression of glucagon secretion by glucose is diminished after oral glucose ingestion, possibly due to the glucagonotropic actions of GIP and GLP-2. Furthermore, in this group of first-degree relatives, abnormalities in glucagon secretion did not precede the development of other defects, such as impaired insulin secretion.

     

2型糖尿病患者一级亲属胰岛素抵抗与胰岛B细胞功能缺陷的临床研究

目的探讨胰岛素抵抗与胰岛B细胞功能缺陷在2型糖尿病(T2DM)发生中的作用。方法收集2004年4月至2005年6月解放军总医院门诊及住院T2DM患者的既往无糖耐量异常史的一级亲属,其中糖耐量正常(NGT)组174例、空腹血糖受损(IFG)或糖耐量低减(IGT)组55例,以及12例新发T2DM与同期收集的59例新发T2DM合并为新发糖尿病(T2DM)组;以其无糖尿病家族史的配偶或无血缘关系亲友中糖耐量正常者114名作为正常对照(NC)组。酶联免疫法测定血清真胰岛素(trueinsulin,TI)、胰岛素原(proinsulin,PI)。用胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa-IR)评价胰岛素抵抗。用空腹胰岛素原与空腹胰岛素比值(PI/TI)及B细胞功能指数(Homa-B),评估胰岛B细胞功能状态,并做对比分析。结果一级亲属中NGT组与NC组相比,Homa-IR显著高于NC组,PI/TI及Homa-B显著低于NC组。而且从NC至NGT至IGT或IFG至DM组,胰岛素抵抗进行性加重。胰岛B细胞分泌缺陷进行性加重,PI/TI逐渐升高,但LnHoma-B下降直至T2DM组才具显著意义(NC组为4.40±0.60,T2DM组为3.38±0.96)。结论T2DM患者一级亲属作为糖尿病的高危人群,在发生糖代谢异常前就存在胰岛素抵抗和胰岛分泌功能缺陷,且胰岛素抵抗和胰岛分泌功能缺陷与T2DM的发病相关;胰岛素原比例增加以及胰岛素原与真胰岛素比值升高是反映胰岛分泌功能缺陷的早期标志。     

Maternal and paternal family history of diabetes in second-degree relatives and metabolic outcomes at age 5–6 years: The ABCD Study

AimTo investigate whether children with a family history of diabetes (FHD) in second-degree relatives (grandparents, aunts/uncles) are at increased risk of developing obesity and diabetes, and whether the risk differs between maternal or paternal transmission.MethodsIn the multiethnic population-based cohort Amsterdam-Born Children and Their Development (ABCD) Study, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHR), fat percentage (fat%), fasting glucose and C-peptide in 5- or 6-year-old children with no second-degree FHD (n = 2226) were compared with children with maternal-only (n = 353), paternal-only (n = 281) or both maternal and paternal (n = 164) second-degree FHD. Children of diabetic mothers or fathers were excluded.ResultsNone of the children in any of our FHD categories differed in body composition after adjusting for maternal, paternal and childhood lifestyle covariates. However, children with both maternal and paternal second-degree FHD had increased C-peptide levels (0.03 nmol, 95% CI: 0.01–0.05) compared with those in the other three study groups. Results were similar when analyses were restricted to only the Dutch children.ConclusionChildren with FHD in second-degree relatives on both maternal and paternal sides already have higher C-peptide levels at an early age. This might be the result of a double burden of a shared obesogenic lifestyle, or of more diverse diabetogenic genes compared to children without FHD or with only FHD in one side of the family. In any case, second-degree FHD could be used as a public-health screening tool to identify children at risk of adverse metabolic outcomes and of possible future disease.