The fractal box dimension on human eyeball movement—objective, biological marker of schizophrenia?

The authors developed a method of measuring the fractal box dimension of the human eyeball movement. We found a fractal property in schizophrenic subjects (n = 20) and normal controls (n = 20). The value of the fractal box dimension for schizophrenic patients differs from the results obtained in the control group.     

经尿道钬激光前列腺剜除术治疗大体积良性前列腺增生

目的：评价经尿道钬激光前列腺剜除术（HoLEP）治疗大体积良性前列腺增生（BPH）的价值。方法：BPH患者60例，前列腺重量均〉100g，分为HoLEP组（n=32）和耻骨上经膀胱前列腺切除术组（n=28）。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量和术后膀胱冲洗时间、导尿管留置时间、住院时间；术后3个月随访，比较两组患者IPSS、生活质量评分（QOL）、最大尿流率（Qmax）、剩余尿量（PVR）等指标的变化。结果：HoLEP组与耻骨上经膀胱前列腺切除术组比较手术时间有所延长（P〈0．01），但术中出血量减少（P〈0．01），膀胱冲洗时间、导尿管留置时间、术后住院时间明显缩短（P〈0．01）。术后3个月，两组IPSS、QOL、Qmax、PVR较自身术前显著改善（P〈0．01），组间比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：HoLEP治疗大体积BPH具有与开放性前列腺切除术相似的疗效，同时手术安全性高、患者痛苦小、术后恢复快，是一种更适合于大体积BPH治疗的手术方式。     

Synaptogenesis in the Occipital Cortex of Macaque Monkey Devoid of Retinal Input From Early Embryonic Stages

The role of input from the retina on the development of synaptic organization in the primate striate cortex was examined in macaque monkeys enucleated at embryonic (E) day 67 and E59. Both the prenatally operated animals and their age-matched controls were delivered at term (E165) and killed either at 3 months (at the end of the rapid phase of synaptogenesis) or 3 years (at the end of the plateau phase of synaptogenesis). As expected, in the operated animals the striate cortex had a smaller surface area but a normal thickness and complement of layers. The present study revealed that the mean densities of synaptic contacts per unit area and volume of neuropil in the striate cortex of the two operated animals were similar to those of age-matched controls (～30/100 μm² or 100/100 μm³ of neuropil). Thus, the absence of retinal input via the lateral geniculate nucleus did not affect the schedule and magnitude of synaptogenesis. Likewise, the ratio of symmetrical versus asymmetrical synapses and mean lengths of synaptic junctions were within the normal range of variation in both group of animals. The proportions of synaptic contacts situated on dendritic spines and shafts were also similar in supra- and infragranular cortical layers of normal and enucleated animals. However, the ratio of synapses situated on dendritic spines and shafts in the sublayers IVAB and IVC, which normally become reversed during late adolescence, were not reversed in the enucleates. Therefore, our study indicates that certain parameters of synaptic development, such as the density of contacts per unit volume of neuropil and the proportion of basic types and their size, in the supra- and infragranular layers of the striate cortex develop to an optimal normal level in the absence of both retinae from early embryonic stages. However, in the thalamorecipient sublayers the details of the synaptic circuits, such as their localization on dendritic spines or shafts, fail to mature properly in the absence of normal functional input from the periphery.     

羟基磷灰石义眼台巩膜瓣后置入术美容效果分析

目的探讨羟基磷灰石义眼台巩膜瓣后置入术的美容效果。方法眼内容物剜除的患者，采用巩膜后羟基磷灰石义眼台置入术治疗。结果共治疗32例，其中眼球萎缩14例、角巩膜葡萄肿5例、绝对期青光眼3例、新生血管性青光眼3例、眼球破裂伤7例。随访3～12个月，未发现义眼台脱出、移位，置入物性能稳定、可靠，眼睑饱满，义眼活动度良好，美容效果满意。结论羟基磷灰石义眼台巩膜瓣后置入术可达到良好美容效果。     

Ocular vasculitis in Behçet's disease

The clinical and pathological presentation of Behçet's disease are discussed. Necrotising arteriolitis and phlebitis with thromboses are demonstrated when a rare enucleation specimen became available for examination in this condition. Immunohistochemical studies show mural IgG, IgA, and C₃ deposits in episcleral and some choroidal veins. The value of the clinical use of fibrinolytic agents is discussed.Read at Joint European Ophthalmic Pathology Society/Verhoeff Society Meeting, Geneva, 1981.     

The effects of irradiation on the eye and optic nerve

Late effects of irradiation of the eye and optic nerve in 74 patients are reviewed. Time-dose analyses are performed for lacrimal apparatus, retinal, and optic nerve injuries. Management of radiation complications is discussed. Recommendations are made regarding radiation treatment techniques and methods of reducing the risk of late injury.     

洗眼球洗眼法与输液吊瓶洗眼法的对比分析

目的:对比分析洗眼球洗眼法与输液吊瓶洗眼法的洗眼速度和效果。方法:将80例行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(LASIK)患者随机分为两组,40例采用洗眼球洗眼法,40例采用输液吊瓶洗眼法。结果:采用洗眼球洗眼者共计历时195m in,平均4.88m in,清洁率为62.5%;采用输液吊瓶洗眼者共计历时130m in,平均3.25m in,清洁率为92.5%,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:输液吊瓶洗眼法速度快,清洁度高,值得临床推广。     

眼球摘除原因分析

分析１２２例眼球摘除的原因。以因肿瘤摘除者占首位（５４例，４４．３％）；次为绝对性青光眼（２４例，１９．７％）；第三位原因为眼球破裂伤（２１例，１７．２％）。并对如何减少眼球摘除手术进行了讨论。     

Choroidal melanoma: A review of the experience of the Sydney Eye Hospital Professorial Unit 1979–1995

Purpose: This study examines 90 patients presenting with choroidal or ciliochoroidal melanoma to the Professorial Unit at the Sydney Eye Hospital. The indications for treatment, and the outcome for the eye and vision are presented together with an account of mortality and the incidence of metastases. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 90 choroidal melanoma patients managed by one surgeon over a 16-year period was undertaken. Initial findings, investigations performed, incidence of metastatic disease, treatment received and complication rates and mortality, where applicable, were recorded. Results: The group was followed for an average of 64 months (range, 5–172 months). Primary treatment was with either Iodine¹²⁵ (¹²⁵1) brachytherapy, local excision or enucleation. Radiation retinopathy was prominent in ¹²⁵1 cases resulting in poor visual acuity when the tumour resided in the posterior pole. Local excision even of large tumours was effective particularly if peripheral. Overall metastatic disease was seen in 11% with 5-year survival rates for the metastatic group being 10%. Prognosis after diagnosis of metastases was poor. Conclusions: Specific therapy for choroidal melanoma must relate to the size and location of the tumour at the time of diagnosis. Visual outcome relates directly to the proximity of the tumour to the optic nerve and fovea. Metastatic disease latency can be prolonged; therefore caution about prognosis is required long after therapy is given. The 5-year survival is encouraging with all forms of therapy. However, as the natural history of ocular melanoma is variable and not fully delineated it is important to monitor the effects of conservative therapy. Further long-term survival data is required to distinguish whether one form of treatment is advantageous over the others, although case-control studies are difficult for ethical and practical reasons. In this regard the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) will provide further evidence for the safety and efficacy of conservative therapy with brachytherapy compared to enucleation.     

Amputation neuroma of the orbit. Report of two cases and review of the literature

Two patients developed proptosis and a slowly enlarging mass with increasing discomfort in the orbital socket 17 and 25 years following enucleation. Preoperative CT scans revealed a single cystic structure within the orbits of each case with distinct soft tissue tumors adjacent to the cysts. The cystic structures and the adjacent solid masses were removed en bloc necessitating reconstruction of the orbits with a dermal fat pad (case 1) and a mucous membrane graft (case 2). Postoperatively the patients were free of complaints. Microscopically, the cystic structures were identified as conjunctival inclusion cysts while the soft tissue masses were traumatic neuromas with irregular tangles and whorls composed of proliferated axons, Schwann cells and connective tissue. Only seven amputation neuromas of the orbit have been reported. Pain related to the neuroma is rarely encountered and is probably caused by mechanical irritation of the amputation neuroma, by retracting scar tissue, or compression from an adjacent cystic mass as in one of our cases.