医疗用语的伦理原则研究

在讨论建构医疗用语伦理原则相关前提的基础上提出:我国现阶段医疗用语的伦理原则应该是"以社会主义医德基本原则和医疗实践中的伦理原则为指导,牢固树立尊重、关爱、同情、保护和方便患者的观念,在医疗全过程中友善、科学、文明、通俗和谨慎地使用口语语言、书面语言和肢体语言,融洽医患关系,优化医疗过程,积极维护和增进患者的身心健康".     

A critical evaluation of the theory and practice of therapeutic touch

Abstract In this paper, the theory and practice of therapeutic touch (TT) is scrutinized from a number of perspectives. Firstly, the alleged close relationship between TT and Martha Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings is evaluated. Secondly, the employment of the language of modern physics in Rogers’ theory and TT is critically examined. The authors then review the research literature on TT's efficacy, completing their critique by discussing the ethical issues involved in the practice of TT. As each of the perspectives considered reveals some concerns, the paper concludes that TT is a questionable intervention, underpinned by a very weak theoretical, clinical and research base.     

吸毒与艾滋病的社会伦理对策

吸毒者可以通过静脉注射使艾滋病得以传播,还可以通过性传播及母婴垂直传播的方式引起艾滋病的流行。在我国截止1994年5月底,其发现艾滋病患者和艾滋病病毒感染者1361例,其中吸毒者占75％,因此必须予以高度重视,积极探寻防治吸毒与艾滋病流行的社会伦理对策。     

Moral theories may have some role in teaching applied ethics

In a recent paper, Rob Lawlor argues that moral theories should not be taught in courses on applied ethics. The author contends that Dr Lawlor's arguments overlook at least two important roles that some attention to ethical theories may play in practical ethics courses. The conclusion is not that moral theory must be taught, but rather that there is more to be said for it than Dr Lawlor's arguments reveal.     

How nurses approach ethical problems in Turkey

Previously, nurse's adherence to ethical standards meant obedience to the physician and loyalty to the hospital; now, however, it means following ethical standards and rules set forth by professional codes of ethics. The International Council of Nurses' Code for Nurses (1973) has been the model for professional codes of ethics in countries throughout the world. ⁴ Using ICN's Code as a framework, a study was conducted in 1993 to find out how nurses in Turkey respond to ethical dilemmas. Below, a summary of the findings.     

老年失智症住院患者的伦理关怀

目的探讨对临床老年失智症患者的伦理关怀照护模式,以期提升护理服务内涵,培育护士的人文素养。方法便利抽样法选择精神科二个老年病区患者48例,以患者所在病区的不同将其分为试验组和对照组,各24例。试验组给予物质、精神和护理道德三个维度的伦理关怀,对照组常规护理,干预6个月后评估两组患者生活质量的差异。同时选取护士23名为护士组研究对象,同步作护士伦理关怀知晓度访谈、护理人员关爱行为量表评估,比较其在实施过程中认知、态度、心理和行为的变化。结果护士评价项目干预前后有明显差异;患者生命质量指标干预前后总体比较未显差异,但情绪得到明显改善,互动能力增强,促进了整体生活质量的提高。结论伦理关怀模式督导护士遵从护理道德;给予失智症患者更多的关爱,提升了他们的生活质量;倡导伦理关怀理念已成为患者、社会及护理学科发展的需要。     

护士对医院伦理气氛认知现状调查分析

目的了解护士对医院伦理气氛的认知现状并对其影响因素进行分析,为医院管理部门提高护士伦理气氛认知水平提供参考。方法采用伦理气氛认知量表(ECQ)对衡阳市某三甲医院348名注册护士进行调查。结果护士伦理气氛认知总均分为81.64±8.20,不同人事关系、第一学历、护龄及月收入的护士伦理气氛认知得分比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);护士对医院伦理气氛的认知受其月收入、第一学历的影响。结论医院管理者可通过增加护士人员编制,提高薪金待遇,加强在职人员伦理培训,从而提高护士对医院伦理气氛的认知水平。     

护士社会支持对道德困境的影响研究

目的探讨护士社会支持对道德困境的影响,为帮助护士应对工作中的道德困境提供理论基础。方法采用社会支持评定量表和护士道德困境量表对387名护士进行问卷调查。结果护士社会支持总分(38.62±5.81)分,客观支持(8.63±2.62)分,主观支持(21.64±4.75)分,支持利用度(8.45±2.81)分。护士道德困境量表条目频率为(1.14±0.54)分,强度为(1.03±0.32)分,总体得分为(1.15±0.42)分,表明护士道德困境发生频率和强度均较低。职称、学历、是否独生子女、社会支持是护士道德困境的影响因素。结论社会支持会负向影响护士的道德困境,提高护士社会支持水平,扩大护士社会支持的来源,是应对护士道德困境的有效途径。     

Trust and confidence: towards mutual acceptance of ethics committee approval of multicentre studies

AIMS: To compare issues raised by Human Research Ethics Committees (HREC) during the ethics review process and to determine the length of time taken to gain HREC approval for multicentre research studies. METHODS: Review and analysis of HREC documentation and correspondence for all multicentre research studies were conducted through three HREC under the auspices of Cancer Trials Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, between November 1997 and March 2001 to determine the variance of documentation, correspondence and recommendations across the three HREC and the time taken for study approval. RESULTS: Thirty-one projects were submitted to any two of the HREC (16 studies) or all three HREC (15 studies). The median time for study approval at an individual HREC was 75 days, but it was 111 days for approval at all participating sites. There were 554 clarifications or comments made by the reviewing HREC, the majority of which had no significant bearing on the ethical or scientific calibre of the study. There was only one study in which a significant protocol change was requested by a HREC. CONCLUSIONS: Multicentre study approvals are delayed when submitted to multiple HREC. The three HREC raised similar issues without substantive differences in their recommendations. A process for the mutual acceptance of HREC recommendations could facilitate multicentre research.