情绪调节量表在青少年人群中的试用

目的:考察情绪调节量表在青少年人群中的信度和效度。方法:对789名中学生施测情绪调节量表,对测试结果进行信、效度分析。结果:情绪调节量表表达抑制维度的α系数为0.77,重新评价维度的α系数为0.83。验证性因素分析的结果显示,标准测量模型与实际数据的拟合程度良好,各项目均在对应的维度上具有0.45以上的完全标准化载荷值。对两个维度的关系进行考察,结果显示独立模型与标准测量模型之间无显著差异。不同年级的学生在两种情绪调节策略的使用上没有显著差异,男生较女生更多使用表达抑制策略。结论:情绪调节量表在青少年人群中具有良好的心理测量学品质,可以在进一步的研究中使用。     

Functional analysis of different regions of the positive-acting CYS3 regulatory protein of Neurospora crassa

In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa during conditions of sulfur limitation, CYS3, a major positive-acting regulatory protein, turns on the expression of an entire set of genes which encode permeases and enzymes involved in the acquisition of sulfur from environmental sources. CYS3 functions as a homodimeric protein and possesses a b-Zip domain that confers sequence-specific DNA binding. Expression of various hybrid GAL4-CYS3 fusion proteins in yeast was used to detect regions involved in gene activation. An amino-terminal serine/threonine-rich domain of CYS3 alone strongly activated expression of β-galactosidase, the yeast reporter. Moreover, mutant CYS3 proteins with amino-acid substitutions in this region that showed increased expression in Neurospora also displayed an enhanced activation potential in yeast. The cys-3 gene of the exotic N. crassa Mauriceville strain and of N. intermedia were cloned and demonstrated to be functional for gene activation and for sulfur-mediated regulation by complementation of a loss-of-function cys-3 mutation. The amino-terminal serine/threonine-rich region is highly conserved in these two CYS3 proteins, in agreement with the possibility that it serves as the activation domain. Surprisingly, an extended promoter region of the cys-3 gene in the Mauriceville strain and in N. intermedia was very well conserved with that of the standard N. crassa gene, including the presence of three CYS3-binding sites possibly involved in autogenous control. Results are presented which indicate that synthesis of the CYS3 regulatory protein is highly regulated and can be detected in the nucleus of cells subjected to sulfur de-repression, but is not found in the nucleus or the cytoplasm of S-repressed cells. The amino-acid substitutions of the CYS3 protein present in a temperature-sensitive cys-3 mutant and in a second-site revertant of a cys-3 null mutation are presented and are shown to affect their DNA-binding activities. Received: 9 January / 5 March 1998     

Respiratory response to CO2 by controlled alveolar hypercapnia

A method of assessing the respiratory response to a hypercapnic stimulus after an increase in alveolar pCO₂ in accordance with an assigned program is suggested. The results are independent of the metabolic level, resistance to respiration, and other factors. Unlike the widely used rebreathing method, this new method enables the ventilatory sensitivity to CO₂ to be compared at rest, during muscular work, when the resistance to respiration is changed, and so on. It can also be used for both clinical and experimental investigations.Respiratory Physiology Group, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. N. Chernigovskii.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 6–7, January, 1980.     

The role of testosterone in the feedback control of male FSH and LH secretion

Summary Intramuscular administration of 250 mg testosterone oenanthate per week over a period of 21 weeks treatment rapidly and sustainedly suppressed serum LH as well as FSH levels in seven normal males, while serum testosterone rose by a factor of approximately two. These together with other data provide increasing evidence for a feedback control of FSH secretion by gonadal steroids in the male in addition to the already described but as yet undefined tubular testicular factor.     

Hyposmolarity-activated fluxes of taurine in astrocytes are mediated by diffusion

In order to obtain information about the mechanism responsible for swelling associated taurine release in astrocytes, the kinetics of taurine uptake in cultured astrocytes from mouse cerebral cortex was studied under isosmotic and hyposmotic (50% osmolarity) conditions. It was found that the V_max for the high affinity component of taurine uptake was unaffected by exposure of the astrocytes to hyposmotic conditions and that the K_m value was somewhat increased. Contrary to V_max, the non-saturable component of the uptake was greatly increased (2.5-fold) after exposure of the cells to hyposmotic media leading to cell swelling. In addition to the kinetic characterization of taurine uptake the actual intracellular taurine content after incubation (15 min) in isosmotic or hyposmotic media with different taurine concentrations (0–100 mM) under Na⁺-free conditions was determined. At taurine concentrations < 30 mM corresponding to the intracellular content in cells not exposed to taurine, exposure to hyposmotic media led to a decrease in the intracellular taurine content. At higher external taurine concentrations (> 30 mM) the intracellular taurine contents were dramatically increased after exposure to hyposmotic conditions. The increase in intracellular taurine seen under hyposmotic conditions at 100 mM external taurine could be significantly reduced by 100 μM DIDS (4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate). Altogether these results suggest that a diffusional process rather than the high affinity taurine carrier is involved in the swelling induced increase in astrocytic taurine influx and efflux.     

Implantation, interception and contraception

The factors involved in post-fertilization events leading toimplantation in mammals are discussed with special referenceto potential forms of interception. The stages of embryonicgrowth until implantation are considered initially. The growthand differentiation of the uterine endometrium is then described,followed by the events occurring during the apposition and invasionof the implanting embryo. Several potential approaches to newforms of interception are considered, and the advantages anddisadvantages of each of them are evaluated. Among them, newvaccines against the zona pellucida, inactivation of the secretionsof the blastocyst, hatching, the activity of the pinopodes,and the endometrial proteins produced in the secretory phaseseem to offer various and varied targets. Some existing methodsof fertility regulation may act by affecting these stages ofdevelopment, e.g. RU486 may interfere with pinopod function.Various physiological and embryonic consequences of interferingwith these stages of pregnancy are discussed.     

LH syndrome and brain catecholamine levels after lesions of the nigrostriatal bundle

Lesions of the nigrostriatal bundle (NSB), whose fibers pass through the medial portions of the internal capsule and the immediately adjacent lateral hypothalamus (LH), produced a more severe aphagia, adipsia, and disturbance of water regulation than did lesions of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). When deprived of food, animals with NSB lesions drank significantly less than controls and animals with MFB lesions. NSB lesions also produced greater decreases in telencephalic content of the catecholamines than MFB lesions, while the reverse was true for serotonin. Water intake during food deprivation was highly correlated with telencephalic catecholamine levels in animals with NSB lesions. Thus, the inability to regulate water intake in the absence of food, one of the characteristic and long lasting effects of the LH syndrome, appears to be due to destruction of the NSB and the consequent decline in telencephalic content of catecholamines.     

Effect of ornid on regulation of the cerebral circulation

An investigation by radioisotope, electromagnetic, and resistographic methods showed that Ornid reduces the cerebral blood flow. At the same time it completely inhibits constrictor reactions of the cerebral vessels to stimulation of sympathetic and somatic nerves. Ornid also has a protective action against experimental disturbances of the cerebral circulation of adrenergic nature.Laboratory of Pharmacology of the Nervous System, Institute of Pharmacology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Zakusov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 87, No. 5, pp. 427–429, May 1979.     

Reproduction and thermoregulation in Peromyscus: Effects of chronic short days

Seven groups of laboratory reared Connecticut P. leucopus were exposed to a 9L:15D photoperiod for either 6, 9, 12, 20, 25, 32, or 36 weeks. An eighth group was maintained on 16L:8D. During the final 6 weeks all mice were cold exposed (13°C). Substantial reproductive regression occurred in females following 6 weeks exposure to 9L:15D relative to 16L:8D animals. In males, a slight decrease in testicular weight occurred following 6 weeks on 9L:15D; this effect was pronounced by 9 weeks, along with a decrease in seminal vesicle weight. Reproductive recrudescence occurred in females by week 32 and in males by week 36. Between 10 and 12 weeks on 9L:15D mice exhibited increases in nesting, incidence of daily torpor, and presence of the winter molt. These increases persisted through 36 weeks on 9L:15D. An increase in the interscapular brown fat pad occurred between 12 and 25 weeks. Reproductive and thermoregulatory characters respond differently to prolonged exposure to a short day photoperiod in this species.     

Regulation and selection of patients

During the past decades health legislation and regulation have been on the increase in most industrialized countries. The growing role of government in the provision and financing of health care, the need to correct given aspects of health care and the mandate to protect the underprivileged have been some of the many reasons for increased regulation. Different regulatory approaches and their respective advantages and disadvantages are reviewed in this paper. Particular attention is given to the crucial issue of how to regulate the access to scarce resources and how to cope within a legislative approach with the resulting patient selection.