新一代低频电治疗仪的研制

本文介绍一种新型低频电脉冲治疗仪，采用新型单片机、程序控制和OTL功率放大器，产生变化有序的多种治疗脉冲波形模拟针灸治疗。电脉冲刺激器治疗仪可以用作减轻疼痛、放松肌肉、预防和减缓肌肉萎缩、增加局部血液循环等。     

头颈部肿瘤射野摆位误差的差异性研究

目的：研究采用电子射野系统评价头颈部肿瘤患者摆位误差时的观察者间变异和观察者自身变异。方法：两队研究小组，分别由四名医师和四名技师组成，两组分别对6名头颈部肿瘤的患者，采用电子射野影像仪（electronic portal imaging device，EPID）拍摄验证片（electronic portal images，EPIs），在EPIs上勾画骨性标志，以放疗计划生成的数字重建图像（digitally reconstructed radiographs，DRRs）做为参考图像，定量分析不同观察研究人员之间和研究人员自身采用EPID确定头颈部肿瘤患者的射野摆位误差（field placement errors，FPEs）的差异性。结果：在前／后位射野图像上．不同医师之间、医师自身及技师自身对摆位误差的判断无明显差异，但在技师之间出现了明显的自身差异性．医师组和技师组在前／后射野图像上的均方根（root-mean—square，RMS）分别为2．52±0．46和3．43±0．43，两者具有明显差异；在侧位野图像上，医师自身对摆位误差的判断有较好的稳定性，但部分不同医师之间在腹背、头足方向上部分患者中出现差异，而不同的技师之间存在明显差异性，医师组和技师组在侧位射野图像上的RMS分别为2．72±0．16和2．62±0．22．两者无明显差异。结论：医师和技师组在采用电子射野系统对头颈部摆位误差进行判断时存在人员之间的误差，应对所有人员进行统一训练才能减少射野摆位误差，从而提高IMRT治疗效果。     

免疫电镜技术运用过程中电子染色方法的选用

目的探究免疫电镜不同染色方法对免疫组化阳性实验结果影响的关系。方法组织切片经常规免疫组化（雌激素受体GPR30）并行DAB-硫酸镍铵显色后进行电镜切片，然后分为双氧铀-柠檬酸铅双染、双氧铀单染与未染色3组，以便对不同电子染色结果进行比较。结果GPR30免疫阳性产物位于细胞核外的膜性结构上，在铀-铅双染组显示很高的电子密度，但是背景染色也很深，在铀单染组的反差比较好，而未染色组的反差更好。结论免疫电镜技术中针对不同的免疫阳性反应选用不同的电子染色方法，有利于阳性结果的判断与鉴别。     

Springer Link及其收录的医学期刊分析

目的：向图书馆员和用户介绍Springer Link，对其收录的医学期刊进行深入分析，使该数据库得到更好的利用。方法利用《外国报刊目录》和美国《医学索引》(IM)的《引用期刊一览表》等对Springer Link收录的英文医学期刊从权威性、出版地分布、学科分布和收藏年限等方面进行考查。结果86％的期刊被IM引用，欧洲——尤其是德国的期刊较多，医学各学科都有相应的期刊被收录，但数量分布不均，有所偏重，72．7％的期刊可以保证至少近5年或自创刊以来的文献。结论Springer Link所提供的全文医学期刊服务质量较上乘，并有自己的特色。     

Electronic data processing in the Danish Cytogenetic Central Register and EDP problems of registers in general

A brief introduction to the Danish Cytogenetic Central Register (DCCR) is given, and possibilities, principles and problems concerning the establishment and maintenance of a national cytogenetic register are presented.
Various data carrier media for registers in general are discussed, of which the magnetic disc is considered most appropriate. General principles for programs capable of performing insertions, deletions and other modifications in the data base are outlined as well as the principles for the programs in the DCCR.
The individual records should preferably be identified by aid of a central person registration number (CPR) rather than by name. The data should be stored and sorted by this identification in order to facilitate retrieval of a desired record. The structure of the records is discussed with regard to prevention of the occurrence of certain errors as well as the optimization of processing.
Flexibility and economy of space are achieved by using programs able to handle records of unequal length, and problems occurring in connection with this are discussed. The question of how to protect sensitive data is dealt with, and two different methods used in the DCCR are outlined. Programs capable of analyzing karyotypes with the purpose of recognizing various cytogenetic syndromes have been developed for use in the DCCR. Various examples of computing times of typical program runs are presented.     

Simulation of cardiovascular physiology: the diastolic function(s) of the heart

The cardiovascular system was simulated by using an equivalent electronic circuit. Four sets of simulations were performed. The basic variables investigated were cardiac output and stroke volume. They were studied as functions (i) of right ventricular capacitance and negative intrathoracic pressure; (ii) of left ventricular relaxation and of heart rate; and (iii) of left ventricle failure. It seems that a satisfactory simulation of systolic and diastolic functions of the heart is possible. Presented simulations improve our understanding of the role of the capacitance of both ventricles and of the diastolic relaxation in cardiovascular physiology.     

Monitoring, past, present, future

Summary A little over 40 years ago, anesthesiology in the United States became recognized as a specialty. At that time, its practice was largely that of an art, the science of which was yet to come. A finger on the pulse, observation of color, skin turgor, perspiration, and perhaps a blood pressure cuff in adults, and an estimation of the reflex signs of anesthesia were the standards for the assessment of the patient status and the depth of anesthesia. How far have we come in the intervening years? The journey, as reflected in the experience of one physician, will be held up to the looking-glass; easily as astounding as that through which Alice passed.Caught as we are in the socio-economic climate of the present, how shall we react? Has the gadgetry and electronics of this day given us a meaningful cost-effective handle on a decreased morbidity and mortality? What impact is there on decision-making and outcome? What indeed is the contribution of the machine versus the newer agents, techniques, and the advanced educational milieu.The first attempts at monitoring were clearly directed toward the cardiovascular system. The devices developed were simple and non-invasive. The Riva-rocci method of measuring blood pressure was first applied in anesthesia by Harvey Cushing at the turn of the century. But it was 40 years before the electrocardiogram was introduced as an instrument of potential importance. It took another 25 years for it to have general acceptance, and even later for the anesthesiologist to become comfortable with it as a diagnostic tool. In the early 40s, Peterson, at Pennsylvania, began the applications of invasive blood pressure monitoring for clinical purposes. Subsequently, the use of the central venous catheter, and finally the Swan-Ganz catheter, became acceptable. The application for the technology of cardiac output was a long time in gaining clinical credence. However, this last link surely depended on the computer to make it a clinically useful instrument. The measurement of the cardiovascular system was first, because the means were there.The assessment of respiratory function was more cumbersome, and while the pneumotachygraph was available 40 years ago, its vagaries made it a research tool. Meters for respiration also were available, but too cumbersome for clinical use. The integration of respiratory measurements and blood gas analysis have gone hand-in-hand, the latter far outstripping the former in clinical utility. Shall it be invasive or non-invasive, what is the price? Lastly, our technology has introduced the means for what is a meaningful clinical measurement of neurological and neuromuscular activity. Nerve-muscle stimulators, electromyography, processed electroencephalogram, and the evoked potential as devices for assessment are only the beginning. In all this technological advance there is the black box and the electronic marvels that are part of this age. While invasive techniques surely have a place, the utilization of non-invasive techniques like the measurement of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and all the agents that we employ have changed forever the nature of our practice. Finally, the need to document the anesthesia course objectively will, and has already begun, to impact on our practice. How did we get where we are and where are we going will be explored in this personal journey.     

电子鼻技术应用于白及及其近似饮片快速辨识的可行性分析

目的：探讨电子鼻技术应用于白及及其近似饮片快速辨识的可行性。方法：收集134批白及及其近似饮片（白及45批、天麻30批、玉竹30批、黄花白及29批）作为待测样品,使用PEN3型电子鼻采集样品嗅觉感官数据作为自变量X,基于2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》和地方标准的鉴别结果,以及各饮片高效液相色谱法（HPLC）指纹图谱和原始采购信息,获得辨识模型的标杆数据Y,分别采用主成分分析-判别分析（PCA-DA）、偏最小二乘法-判别分析（PLS-DA）、最小二乘法-支持向量机（LS-SVM）及K-最近邻（KNN）4种化学计量学方法建立45批白及与89批非白及的二分类辨识模型和上述4种饮片的四分类辨识模型Y=F(X)。结果：经留一法交互验证,在二分类辨识中,上述4种模型分类正判率分别为97.01%、97.01%、98.51%和97.01%;在四分类辨识中,这4种模型分类正判率分别为97.76%、89.55%、98.51%和97.01%。二分类和四分类辨识模型的最高正判率均可达到98.51%,且均以LS-SVM算法为最优,最优核函数分别选择径向基核函数和线性核函数。最优模型判别结果良好,没有未分类样...