C形臂X线投影图像3D建模及其应用

C形臂X线投影图像3D建模是指以C形臂获取的X线2D投影图像为基础,实现骨骼3D模型的术中重建。与单纯的2D切片图像或投影图像相比,3D重建模型不仅含有更为丰富的骨骼外部形状等解剖结构信息,而且还可包含骨密度及强度等骨骼内部多元有用信息。该技术在骨组织活检、椎弓根螺钉植入、髓内钉固定、及手足骨折修复等手术方面具有广阔的应用前景。对C形臂X线投影图像3D建模技术的研究意义、现状及现存问题进行介绍。在此基础上,分析了该技术所涉及的主要研究内容,提出了可分别沿两条主线研究基于普通C形臂2D投影图像的人体骨骼3D解剖模型构建:一、以C形臂按指定角度间隔获取的密集2D投影图像为基础,采用有限角锥束X射线投影合成方法进行3D重建;二、以C形臂在正位、侧位等姿态下获取的少量2D投影图像为基础,采用基于统计可变模型的非刚性配准方法进行3D重建。对每条主线都提出了对应的解决方案。     

应用鸡胚活体电转GFP示踪技术观察脊髓左右两侧神经元纤维投射

目的:探索鸡胚发育过程中,脊髓左右侧神经元经纤维之间的联系,为脊髓两侧神经纤维投射提供形态学基础;方法:采用鸡胚带壳开窗培养技术,待胚胎发育至第3天,通过活体电转基因,将pCAGGS-GFP质粒0.1～0.5μl准确注射到脊柱,在电压18 V、每次脉冲60 ms,间隔100 ms,电脉冲6次的条件下进行定时定位活体电转基因,电转后6小时开始到10天,分别收集胚胎,甲醛固定冰冻切片,DAPI染细胞核观察组织形态结构变化。结果:电转后6小时便可以观察到GFP的表达,24小时后可以看到GFP标记细胞纤维的投射,3天可以清晰的观察到转入GFP一侧脊髓的运动神经元纤维束投射到另外一侧脊髓。结论:电转GFP成功标记运动神经元纤维在脊髓左右两侧的投射。     

节点反投影方法在三维EIT模型中的仿真与实验研究

电阻抗成像(EIT)技术中逆问题的病态特性是造成重建图像分辨率较低的主要原因之一,增加先验信息是改善成像效果的可行方法.建立三维圆柱体仿真模型,对边界电压数据进行多项式曲面拟合,增加先验信息,采用节点反投影方法进行图像重建.对两种目标模型进行仿真实验,并利用本实验室设计的128通道EIT系统进行水槽物理模型重建实验.仿真实验结果表明,较之传统的反投影方法,两种目标模型采用节点反投影方法重建的总体误差分别降低了8.87％和6.85％;在物理模型中,重建图像可清晰显示目标物体.所提出的方法有望用于提高临床检测与监护的成像质量.     

Changes in bone mass and body composition after bariatric surgery

Abstract

Aim: To analyze the effects of body weight loss on bone mineral density (BMD) on hip (Hip BMD) and lumbar spine (Lumbar BMD) after six months of bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for morbid obesity. Nonetheless, there are scant data on the effect of weight bearing on bone structure.

Material and methods: Seventeen obese women aged 41.2?±?11.3 yrs. who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) were included. Body composition assessments were performed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry immediately before and after 6-months RYGB. Data collected pre- and post-RYGB included total body weight, body mass index (BMI), lean body mass (LM), fat mass (FM) and bone mineral content. The pre- (PRE) and post-operative (POST) results were compared.

Results: Lumbar BMD POST presented a non-significant loss of 1.8% whereas Hip BMD POST showed a significant loss of 17.8%. The analysis demonstrated that BMI and LM PRE explained 26% and 49%, respectively, of Hip BMD PRE variability. In addition, LM POST explained 30% of hip BMD POST variability and was not significant for Lumbar BMD POST.

Conclusions: Obesity and rapid weight loss showed direct influence in Hip BMD after six months of bariatric surgery. However, its effect on the lumbar spine area was smaller due to the higher capacity of the spine to dissipate loads through its curvature.     

Anatomical evidence for the projections from the basal nucleus of the amygdala to the primary visual cortex in the cat

The amygdaloid complex receives information from all sensory systems, especially from vision. In the primate, the amygdala is reciprocally interconnected with some regions of high-order visual cortices such as TE and TEO and only projects to the primary visual cortex (V1, area 17) without direct projection from V1. However, in the cat little is known about the projection from the amygdala to the primary visual cortex. In this study, anatomical study is carried out in cats to determine whether the amygdala sends feedback projection to area 17. FlouroGold, a fluorescent dye was microinjected into area 17 in cats. In the basal nucleus in the amygdala, the retrograde labeled cells (about 30% of total number of the region of interest observed) are distributed widely in an irregular manner, neither in lamina nor in group. The results provide the first anatomical evidence of the amygdale projection to area 17 in the cat, which is a widely used animal model for vision research.     

3D reconstruction of peripheral nerves from optical projection tomography images: A method for studying fascicular interconnections and intraneural plexuses

The general microscopic characteristics of nerves are described in several textbooks of histology, but the specific microanatomies of most nerves that can be blocked by anesthesiologists are usually less well known. Our objective was to evaluate the 3D reconstruction of nerve fascicles from optical projection tomography images (OPT) and the ability to undertake an internal navigation exploring the morphology in detail, more specifically the fascicular interconnections. Median and lingual nerve samples were obtained from five euthanized piglets. OPT images of the samples were acquired and 3D reconstruction was performed. The OPT technique revealed the inner structure of the nerves at high resolution, including large and small fascicles, perineurium, interfascicular tissue, and epineurium. The fascicles were loosely packed inside the median nerve and more densely so in the lingual nerve. Analysis of the 3D models demonstrated that the nerve fascicles can show six general spatial patterns. Fascicular interconnections were clearly identified. The 3D reconstruction of nerve fascicles from OPT images opens a new path for research into the microstructure of the inner contents of fascicular nerve groups and their spatial disposition within the nerve including their interconnections. These techniques enable 3D images of partial areas of nerves to be produced and could became an excellent tool for obtaining data concerning the 3D microanatomy of nerves, essential for better interpretation of ultrasound images in clinical practice and thus avoiding possible neurological complications. Clin. Anat. 31:424–431, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

成人正常胸、腰椎体双源双能CT虚拟去钙骨髓成像量化标准值研究

目的 探讨成人正常胸、腰椎体双源双能CT虚拟去钙(VNCa)骨髓成像的量化标准值。方法 对2016年8—11月山东大学齐鲁医院200名正常体检者进行前瞻性胸、腰椎双源双能量CT扫描,按年龄、性别分为<45岁的男性和女性组以及≥45岁的男性和女性组,4组各50人。在虚拟去钙技术下,测量获得T₃~L₅各椎体的骨髓CT值,再根据测得的各椎体的骨髓CT值的相近程度分成T₃~T₅、T₆~T₉、T₁₀~L₁、L₂~L₅ 4部分并取均值,采用独立样本t检验探讨上述测量参数在不同年龄分组及性别分组之间的差异。结果 ＜45岁组胸、腰椎的骨髓CT值分别为(-29.00±10.62)HU、(-35.81±12.36)HU,均高于≥45岁组的(-41.67±17.16)HU、(-44.81±14.35)HU,差异均有统计学意义(t=-6.326、-4.746,P值均<0.01)。<45岁女性组胸、腰椎的骨髓CT值分别为(-27.76±9.55)HU、(-37.56±9.05)HU,均分别高于≥45岁女性组的(-37.80±15.97)HU、(-45.45±14.04)HU,差异均有统计学意义(t=3.818、3.339,P值均＜0.01);<45岁男性组胸、腰椎的骨髓CT值分别为(-30.73±12.16)HU、(-33.91±14.64)HU,均分别高于≥45岁男性组的(-46.07±17.42)HU、(-44.68±14.84)HU,差异均有统计学意义(t=5.105、3.653,P值均＜0.05);<45岁组的男、女性的胸椎骨髓CT值比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但≥45岁组的男、女性的胸椎骨髓CT值比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.474,P＜0.05);<45岁组和≥45岁组的男、女性间腰椎的骨髓CT值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。观察对象胸、腰椎体的骨髓CT值均与年龄呈负相关(r=-0.463、-0.402,P值均＜0.01)。对于T₃~T₅、T₆~T₉、T₁₀~L₁、L₂~L₅ 4段椎体平均骨髓CT值而言,<45岁组的各段骨髓CT值均高于≥45岁组的骨髓CT值(P值均＜0.01);不同性别间比较,仅≥45岁组的T₆~T₉、T₁₀~L₁椎体节段骨髓CT值比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.177、-2.326,P值均＜0.05)。本组检测者CT辐射剂量容积CT剂量指数和剂量长度乘积分别为4.53～18.79(8.73±2.98)mGy和117.34～1678.42(421.53±230.85)mGy·cm,有效辐射剂量为(6.35±3.43) mSv。结论 正常人胸、腰椎双源双能VNCa骨髓成像的量化CT值较为稳定,可为椎体疾病的诊断提供客观的量化标准值,且其辐射剂量值并未增加甚至降低。     

Different metabolic profiles of K1 serotype and non-serotype K1 and K2 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in oral infection mice model

K1 or K2 serotype Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate caused clinical pyogenic liver abscess (KLA) infection is prevalent in many areas. It has been identified that K1 or K2 serotype K. pneumoniae isolates caused KLA infection in mice by oral inoculation. In our study, K1 serotype K. pneumoniae isolate Kp1002 with hypermucoviscosity (HV)-positive phenotype caused KLA infection in C57BL/6 mice by oral inoculation. Simultaneously, non-serotype K1 and K2 isolate Kp1014 with HV-negative phenotype failed to cause KLA infection in the same manner. It seems that gastrointestinal tract translocation is the pathway by which K1 or K2 serotype K. pneumoniae caused KLA infection. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to further analyze metabolic profile changes in mice with KLA infection. Data showed that after Kp1002 or Kp1014 oral inoculation, serum Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) levels significantly changed in mice. Some PC and LPC molecules showed changes both in the Kp1002 KLA group and the Kp1014 no-KLA group compared with the control group. The level of 18:1/18:2-PC significantly changed in the Kp1002 KLA group compared with the control group, but showed no change between the Kp1014 no-KLA group and the control group. The level of 18:1/18:2-PC might have been particularly affected by KLA infection caused by K1 serotype K. pneumoniae Kp1002. It may be a potential biomarker for KLA infection.     

Notch Regulates the Generation of Diverse Cell Types From the Lateral Lineage of Drosophila Antennal Lobe

Abstract:

Diverse neuronal cell types arise from the lateral neuroblast in the antennal lobe of Drosophila. The authors show that loss of Notch function from the entire lineage during development leads to an absence of local interneurons (LNs) with a concomitant increase in the number of projection neurons (PNs). The presence of the intracellular domain of Notch was observed within the nucleus of newly born neurons within the neuroblast lineage. This leads to the suggestion that Notch acts in a binary fate decision to determine formation of LNs and PNs, resulting in two distinct hemilineages from the single neuroblast. The observation of nuclear Notch in several neuroblast lineages leads us to speculate that this mechanism is widespread during the developing Drosophila brain.