小儿贲门失弛缓症的手术治疗

①目的 探讨小儿贲门失弛缓症的手术方法和治疗效果。②方法 回顾性分析我院近10年收治的小儿贲门失弛缓症32例。全部行经腹改良Heller手术治疗，23例附加Nissen手术治疗。③结果 术后随访l～2年无复发者，生长发育正常。单纯行Heller手术者有2例在术后1个月左右出现轻度泛酸、嗳气等症状；23例附加Nissen手术者无胃食管反流症状。④结论 经腹改良Heller手术附加Nissen手术，操作简便，创伤相对较小，可大大减少胃食管反流的发生，是治疗小儿贲门失弛缓症的理想手术方法。     

Effect of severe gastroesophageal reflux on sleep stage in patients with aperistaltic esophagus

Polysomnography and esophageal pH studies were conducted in 13 patients with an aperistaltic esophagus; seven of these had scleroderma and six were patients treated for achalasia. The percentage total time of pH <4.0 when recumbent exceeded 30% for both groups. There was a total of 51 reflux events for both groups. There were 22 reflux events recorded for both groups that were less than 5 min in length and 29 events greater than 5 min. In 26 of 32 (81%) instances, patients either began awake and went to sleep during a reflux event or did not awake during a reflux event. Only six of 32 (19%) reflux events caused sleep disruption. We conclude that even the severe reflux demonstrated in this subset of patients does not always disrupt sleep. Patients may have severe prolonged reflux and not arouse.This paper was presented in part at the AGA meeting, San Diego, California, 1995.     

THORACOSCOPIC CARDIOMYOTOMY FOR ACHALASIA

Twelve patients with achalasia treated by cardiomyotomy via a thoracoscopic approach have been studied prospectively. Seven patients had previously undergone balloon dilatation with an unsatisfactory result. The procedure was completed successfully in all patients without recourse to thoracotomy. Morbidity was minimal and postoperative stay averaged 4 days. The functional result was goodexcellent in 11 patients and fair in one.     

LAPAROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF PNEUMATIC DILATATION RESISTANT ACHALASIA

Three patients with achalasia, who were successfully managed by laparoscopic Heller myotomy and Nissen fundoplication, are described. Each patient had failed to respond to two pneumatic dilatations of the oesophagus.     

Peroral endoscopic myotomy for esophageal achalasia: technique, indication, and outcomes

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been developed as an incisionless, minimally invasive endoscopic treatment intending a permanent cure for esophageal achalasia. The concept of endoscopic myotomy was first reported about 3 decades ago, but the direct incision method through the mucosal layer was not considered to be a safe and reliable approach. A novel method of endoscopic myotomy was developed and established by the authors. In this article, the current techniques, applications, and clinical results of POEM are described.     

开放和腹腔镜手术治疗儿童贲门失弛缓症疗效的初步比较

目的 通过回顾经治的贲门失弛缓症手术病例,比较传统的开放Heller手术和腹腔镜手术疗效的差异.方法 2002年10月至2009年10月间共有22例贲门失弛缓症儿童接受手术治疗,按不同的手术方式分为开放手术组(n=12)和腹腔镜手术组(n=10).2组病例均采用改良的Heller肌层纵行切开术,且全部附加部分胃底折叠术.通过2组术后住院时间、术后进固体食物时间比较2种手术的短期疗效.通过术后随访的症状评分、造影食管上段最大横径差和食管下段最窄横径差等指标,比较2组患儿手术的长期疗效.结果 比较开放手术组和腹腔镜组患儿病程(27.3±23.7和30.7±36.3)、术前症状评分(5.7±2.4和6.1±1.9),差异均无统计学意义(P=0.796,P=0.652).二组手术均顺利完成,无术中输血者及严重术中并发症者,腹腔镜手术无中转,腹腔镜组失血量(5.9±5.0)ml明显少于开放于术组(26.7±13.2)ml(P＜0.01),手术时间(98.5 min±23.2 min和118.8min±22.8min)的差异无统计学意义(P=0.053).二组患儿术后平均症状评分均接近0分(P=0.899),但腹腔镜组术后住院时间(4.3±1.3)d和术后进食固体食物时间(7.7±4.1)d显著短于开放手术组(7.8±1.3)d和(17.4±11.1)d,(P＜0.01和P=0.014).经过(45.1±26.6)个月的随访,食管最大横径差(9.9mm±7.9mm和6.6 mm±5.6mm)和食管下端最窄横径差(5.5 mm±4.8mm和5.2 mm±2.3 mm)两项指标在2组间比较的差异无统计学意义(P=0.275,P=0.830),2组中所有病例均无吞咽困难复发、无胃食管反流等并发症者.结论 对儿童贲门失弛缓症,腹腔镜Heller手术能达到与传统开放经腹Heller手术相同的长期疗效,且术后近期疗效明显优于开放手术.     

Is the Anatomical Protrusion on the Posterior Hypopharyngeal Wall Associated with Cadavers of Only the Elderly?

Cricopharyngeal bars are commonly seen on a barium swallow radiologic examination and represent the failure of the cricopharyngeus to relax. Traditionally, the bars have been considered as functional or physiologic protrusions. Recently, anatomical cricopharyngeal protrusion has been found in about 30% of cadavers of the elderly, suggesting that such a structural change may become a physical barrier that affects the normal deglutition in a living person. This suggests that such a radiographic finding should be carefully considered when interpreting radiologic and manometrical examinations and managing dysphagia of the elderly. However, the finding of the anatomical cricopharyngeal protrusion was based on the observation of cadavers of the elderly (mean age = 77 years). The aim of this study was to further investigate whether such an anatomical cricopharyngeal protrusion exists in cadavers of other ages. Using the dissection method, we examined 63 human cadavers that were divided into three age groups: young adult (6 females and 10 males, age = 16–24 years old), adult (8 females and 23 males, age = 25–64 years old), and early elderly (5 females and 11 males, age = 65–69 years old). We found that 57 of the 63 cadavers had a smooth mucosal surface on the posterior hypopharyngeal and upper esophageal wall. A slightly thickened posterior muscular wall was observed at the cricoid level in six cadavers (five from the adult group and one from the early elderly group), but its boundary was not clearly identified. Taking the previous reports together, our results suggest that an anatomical cricopharyngeal protrusion is closely associated with the aging process.     

Achalasia Complicated by Multiple Intramucosal Carcinomas: Report of a Case

A 56-year-old woman underwent a laparoscopic Heller–Dor operation for esophageal achalasia in June 2002. As dysphagia became exacerbated and the oral intake became extremely poor, an esophagectomy was thus considered to be indicated. In September 2005, a transhiatal esophagectomy was performed, and the esophagus was reconstructed using a gastric tube through the posterior mediastinum. The patient developed pneumonia postoperatively, but responded to conservative therapy and was discharged in good health 30 days after surgery. A histopathological analysis demonstrated degeneration and a loss of gangliocytes throughout the esophagus as well as the presence of seven intramucosal cancers. The main cause of dysphagia was due to a marked flexion of the upper esophagus. Even though we identified a precancerous state, we believe that surgery was an appropriate option in this case.     

胃镜下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症44例临床分析

目的 探讨内镜下气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效.方法 应用Regiflex气囊扩张器在内镜下扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症44例.结果 44例患者中显效40例(93.2%),有效3例(6.8%)无效0例.无穿孔、大出血等合并症发生,并均为一次扩张成功.结论 胃镜引导下气囊扩张术是有效治疗贲门失弛缓症的非外科手术方法.