新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情呼吸防护及对策建议

目的 指导新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情中呼吸防护的选择使用,推进呼吸防护相关研究。
方法 根据2019新型冠状病毒致病特点及传播途径,分析本次疫情人群暴露风险、呼吸防护要点与原理。
结果 比较国内外防护口罩技术标准及关键技术指标,提出本次疫情防控呼吸防护指引,指出目前呼吸防护存用不当、佩戴错误、佩戴挤压伤和儿童标准缺失等主要问题。
结论 建议关注呼吸防护适用性问题,优化传染病防护流程,加强使用者培训,加快呼吸防护新产品研发。
     

驻马店市新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊病例流行病学特征分析

目的 分析新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)流行病学特征,提高对疾病流行规律的认识。 方法 通过个案调查表、调查报告获得139例确诊病例资料,对病例三间分布、发病确诊情况及聚集性疫情等特征进行描述性分析。 结果 139例确诊病例年龄中位数为42岁,30~59岁年龄组占71.94%;男女性别比为1.53∶1;农民/工人占56.83%;普通型和轻型病例各占59.71%和30.21%。输入病例和本地病例各占66.19%和33.81%,两类病例发病时间段分布差异有统计学意义(χ²=26.534,P<0.001),疫情由输入传播模式向输入与本地共同传播模式转变。23起聚集性疫情均为家庭性聚集。输入病例和本地病例涉及聚集性疫情的比例分别为33.70%和68.09%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=14.846,P<0.001)。发病后报告时间、发病后确诊时间和首次就诊后确诊时间的M(P₂₅, P₇₅)分别为4(2,7)d、6(4,9)d和3(2,4)d。首次就诊在诊所和乡镇卫生院的病例报告时间和确诊时间均长于首次就诊在二级以上医疗机构者。 结论 基层医疗机构对新发急性传染病监测敏感性有待进一步提高。在下一步应对境外输入性疫情防控工作中,应对来自疫情高发国家的入境人员全部实施集中隔离观察。     

医疗队抗击新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情救援物资筹备及管理

2019年12月以来,湖北武汉连续发生多例原因不明肺炎,随着新型冠状病毒疫情的发展与蔓延,全国各地医护人员奔赴武汉投入抗疫之战。2020年1月24日,笔者作为海军军医大学赴武汉医疗队的一员,积极投入此次紧急医学救援一线。由所在医院医务处牵头,护理处、院务处、医学工程科、感控办多部门协同,医疗队医护骨干全程参与,在接到紧急出动救援命令12小时内,快速、有序、高效地完成医院赴武汉医疗队有关物资的准备工作,本文就疫情的物资筹备的经验进行探讨。     

Small Particle Aerosol Exposure of African Green Monkeys to MERS-CoV as a Model for Highly Pathogenic Coronavirus Infection

Emerging coronaviruses are a global public health threat because of the potential for person-to-person transmission and high mortality rates. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012, causing lethal respiratory disease in »35% of cases. Primate models of coronavirus disease are needed to support development of therapeutics, but few models exist that recapitulate severe disease. For initial development of a MERS-CoV primate model, 12 African green monkeys were exposed to 10³, 10⁴, or 10⁵ PFU target doses of aerosolized MERS-CoV. We observed a dose-dependent increase of respiratory disease signs, although all 12 monkeys survived for the 28-day duration of the study. This study describes dose-dependent effects of MERS-CoV infection of primates and uses a route of infection with potential relevance to MERS-CoV transmission. Aerosol exposure of African green monkeys might provide a platform approach for the development of primate models of novel coronavirus diseases.     

The Effect of Age on Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis With 611,583 Subjects

ObjectivesInitial data on COVID-19 infection has pointed out a special vulnerability of older adults.DesignWe performed a meta-analysis with available national reports on May 7, 2020 from China, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, and New York State. Analyses were performed by a random effects model, and sensitivity analyses were performed for the identification of potential sources of heterogeneity.Setting and participantsCOVID-19–positive patients reported in literature and national reports.MeasuresAll-cause mortality by age.ResultsA total of 611,1583 subjects were analyzed and 141,745 (23.2%) were aged ≥80 years. The percentage of octogenarians was different in the 5 registries, the lowest being in China (3.2%) and the highest in the United Kingdom and New York State. The overall mortality rate was 12.10% and it varied widely between countries, the lowest being in China (3.1%) and the highest in the United Kingdom (20.8%) and New York State (20.99%). Mortality was <1.1% in patients aged <50 years and it increased exponentially after that age in the 5 national registries. As expected, the highest mortality rate was observed in patients aged ≥80 years. All age groups had significantly higher mortality compared with the immediately younger age group. The largest increase in mortality risk was observed in patients aged 60 to 69 years compared with those aged 50 to 59 years (odds ratio 3.13, 95% confidence interval 2.61-3.76).Conclusions and ImplicationsThis meta-analysis with more than half million of COVID-19 patients from different countries highlights the determinant effect of age on mortality with the relevant thresholds on age >50 years and, especially, >60 years. Older adult patients should be prioritized in the implementation of preventive measures.     

Decontamination of face masks with steam for mask reuse in fighting the pandemic COVID-19: Experimental supports

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has claimed many lives worldwide. Wearing medical masks (MMs) or N95 masks ([N95Ms] namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk. Reuse of these masks can minimize waste, protect the environment, and help solve the current imminent shortage of masks. Disinfection of used masks is needed for their reuse with safety, but improper decontamination can damage the blocking structure of masks. In this study, we demonstrated using the avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARS-CoV-2 that MMs and N95Ms retained their blocking efficacy even after being steamed on boiling water for 2 hours. We also demonstrated that three brands of MMs blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes. Altogether, this study suggested that MMs are adequate for use on most social occasions and both MMs and N95Ms can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.     

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: Seasonality of coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses in Canada: Implications for COVID-19

BackgroundLike endemic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is believed to have emerged in humans from a zoonotic source and may ultimately develop a seasonal pattern. A seasonal pattern, particularly if combined with other seasonal outbreaks of respiratory virus infections, may have significant impacts on the healthcare system. We evaluated the seasonal pattern of existing endemic coronaviruses and several other common respiratory viruses to determine the potential impacts of added burden of respiratory disease should SARS-CoV-2 establish seasonality.MethodsNational surveillance data for laboratory confirmations of endemic coronaviruses, influenza A and B viruses, rhinovirus/enterovirus, human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus for the past 10 years were obtained from the Government of Canada Open Data and FluWatch. Epidemic curves were generated from total case numbers and percent of samples testing positive for each respiratory virus by epidemiological week.ResultsIn Canada, endemic coronaviruses and other common respiratory viruses cause annual seasonal outbreaks in the winter months. Should SARS-CoV-2 develop a seasonal pattern similar to endemic coronaviruses and respiratory viruses, co-circulation would be expected to peak between January and March. Peak endemic coronavirus activity occurs during the nadir of rhinovirus/enterovirus and parainfluenza activity.ConclusionHealthcare settings, assisted-living and long-term care homes, schools and essential services employers should anticipate and have contingencies for seasonal outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 and co-circulating respiratory viruses during peak seasons. Given the likelihood of co-circulation, diagnostic multiplex testing targeting co-circulating pathogens may be more efficient than single target assays for symptomatic individuals if a seasonal pattern to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is established.     

临床中药师参与新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)防治的药学服务策略

新型冠状病毒肺炎暴发严重危害人民的健康,中医药被国家卫生健康委员会、国家中医药管理局及各地发布的多个《新型冠状病毒肺炎防控方案》推荐使用,对疫情的防控作出了突出的贡献。中医药的普遍应用让武汉及全国各地的药师和医生、护士、医技人员一样站到新型冠状病毒防控的一线,开展全程化药学服务,有力地保障了中药的安全合理使用,成为疫情防控的一道新防线。该文将介绍新型冠状病毒肺炎的中医药认识,分析疫情防控的中药临床应用与药学服务切入点,明确临床中药师可在新型冠状病毒肺炎防治中参与中药临床用药方案制定、药物重整、处方审核、合理用药指导、药学监护、叠加用药风险把控等方面开展工作。临床中药师参与新型冠状病毒肺炎的防治,有利于提高中医药防治疫情的水平,对保证患者治疗的有效性、安全性及促进合理用药具有积极的意义。