关节镜下利用可吸收螺钉和orthocord线治疗前交叉韧带止点撕脱性骨折的临床观察

目的 观察关节镜下在腰穿针引导下利用可吸收螺钉和orthocord线治疗前交叉韧带止点撕脱性骨折的疗效。方法 2009年1月至2013年1月,关节镜下在腰穿针引导下利用可吸收螺钉和orthocord线治疗成人前交叉韧带止点撕脱性骨折30例,按Meyers-McKeever分型：Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型16例,Ⅳ型5例。手术在关节镜下进行,复位骨折后,先采用可吸收螺钉固定,再采用交叉韧带重建钻导器（Acufex PCL guide）引导,由关节外向关节内骨折块边缘钻孔制成两骨髓道,置入腰穿针后通过腰穿针穿线固定骨折块。术后不需要石膏外固定,鼓励患者主动伸屈关节,进行股四头肌、腘绳肌等长收缩锻炼及髌骨推移锻炼。随访时拍摄X光片并采用Lysholm膝关节功能评分标准来评定疗效。结果 所有患者术后均恢复良好,无膝关节不稳,平均愈合时间（7.0±0.6）周。术后Lysholm膝关节评分（92.3±1.6）分,术后6个月评分（97.6±1.7）分,与术前（74.6±4.3）分比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 关节镜下复位联合可吸收螺钉和orthocord线固定治疗前交叉韧带下止点撕脱性骨折固定可靠、手术创伤小,术后不需石膏固定,不需要二次手术取出内固定,术后功能恢复良好。     

膝关节前交叉韧带前内侧束和后外侧束的MR成像研究

目的 提高对膝关节前交叉韧带前内侧束和后外侧束的影像认识,并探讨其3.0T MR的理想常规成像显示平面.方法 回顾性分析149例正常膝关节的3.0TMR图像,采用x2分割法分析前交叉韧带、前内侧束和后外侧束双束结构及双束上、中、下各段在MR矢状面、冠状面、横断面各成像平面显示率的差异.结果 前交叉韧带前内侧束和后外侧束双束结构显示率,横断面(115/149,77.2％)与冠状面(103/149,69.1％)比较,×2=2.4606,P＞0.0125;横断面、冠状面分别与矢状面(21/149,14.1％)比较,x2值分别为119.5138、92.8695,P值均＜0.0125.前内侧束和后外侧束双束上段显示率,横断面( 104/149,69.8％)与冠状面(7/149,4.7％)、矢状面(0/149,0)及冠状面与矢状面分别比较,x2值分别为135.0813、159.7526、7.1684,P值均＜0.0125.前内侧束和后外侧束双束中段显示率,横断面(108/149,72.5％)与冠状面(94/149,63.1％)比较,x2=3.0120,P＞0.0125;横断面、冠状面分别与矢状面( 10/149,6.7％)比较,x2值分别为134.7454、104.2173,P值均＜0.0125.前内侧束和后外侧束双束下段显示率,横断面(103/149,69.1％)与冠状面(110/149,73.8％)比较,x2=0.8065,P＞0.0125;横断面、冠状面分别与矢状面(18/149,12.1％)比较,x2值分别为100.5300、115.9132,P值均＜0.0125.前交叉韧带双束各段在MRI各序列上均呈低信号,形态、走行正常.结论 3.0TMR常规扫描平面能够在一定程度上显示前交叉韧带的双束结构,横断面和冠状面是较为理想的显像平面.     

3DCubeT2WIMRI测量前交叉韧带双束结构的研究

目的:应用3D Cube T2WI核磁共振成像斜冠状位重建图像显示前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)双束结构,并测量其解剖指标.方法:19例经临床确诊的健康志愿者行双膝关节3D Cube T2加权MRI检查.分别在斜冠状位重建图像测量前内侧束(anteromedial bundle,AMB)和后外侧束(posterolateral bundle,PLB)的股骨止点、胫骨止点宽度、韧带长度及走行角度.应用Mann-Whitney test比较AMB和PLB的长度,止点宽度和走行角度在不同性别间的差异,并进一步对测量所产生的差异进行Logistic回归分析.结果:AMB和PLB的平均长度分别为31.01mm和25.38mm;股骨止点平均宽度为10.6mm和9.47mm;胫骨止点平均宽度为11.28mm和8.49 mm;走行角度平均为72.01°和64.97°.AMB、PLB的股骨止点、胫骨止点宽度及走行角度在不同性别间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).然而,男性AMB和PLB韧带长度大于女性(P＜0.05);经Logistic回归分析显示这种差异与身高成正相关(P＜0.05).结论:各向同性3D Cube T2加权序列及其重建图像所显示的ACL双束结构;以及股骨止点宽度、胫骨止点宽度、长度及走行角度的精确测量结果,可为个性化制定ACL双束重建术方案提供有价值的依据.     

Reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament for chronic patellar instability

Background:

Disruption of the capsule, medial patellar retinaculum, and/or vastus medialis obliqus has been associated with recurrent patellar instability. Biomechanical studies have shown that the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the main restraint against lateral patella displacement and reconstruction of the MPFL has become an accepted surgical technique to restore patellofemoral stability in patients having recurrent patellar dislocation. We report a prospective series of patients of chronic patellar instability treated by reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament.

Materials and Methods:

Twelve patients (15 knees) with recurrent dislocation of patella, were operated between January 2006 and December 2008. All patients had generalised ligament laxity with none had severe grade of patella alta or trochlear dysplasia. The MPFL was reconstructed with doubled semitendinosus tendon. Patients were followed up with subjective criteria, patellar inclination angle, and Kujala score.

Results:

The mean duration of followup after the operative procedures was an average of 42 months (range 24–60 months) 10 knees showed excellent results, 3 knees gave good results, and 2 knees had a fair result. The average patellar inclination angle decreased from 34.3° to 18.6°. The average preoperative Kujala functional score was 44.8 and the average postoperative score was 91.9.

Conclusion:

MPFL reconstruction using the semitendinosus tendon gives good results in patients with chronic patellar instability without predisposing factors like severe patella alta and high-grade trochlear dysplasia, and for revision cases.     

Arthroscopic management of mucoid degeneration of anterior cruciate ligament

Background:

Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a less understood entity. The purpose of this study was to diagnose mucoid degeneration of anterior cruciate ligament and to assess the effectiveness of arthroscopic treatment in these patients.

Materials and Methods:

Between December 2007 and November 2011, 20 patients were diagnosed to be suffering from mucoid degeneration of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histopathology, and arthroscopy findings. 12 patients were males and 8 patients were females, with mean age of 42.2 years for males (range 28-52 years) and 39.4 years for females (range 30–54 years). They presented with pain on terminal extension (n=10) and on terminal flexion (n=2) without history of significant preceding trauma. MRI showed an increased signal in the substance of the ACL both in the T1- and T2-weighted images, with a mass-like configuration that was reported as a partial or complete tear of the ACL by the radiologist. At arthroscopy, the ACL was homogenous, bulbous, hypertrophied, and taut, occupying the entire intercondylar notch. A debulking of the ACL was performed by a judicious excision of the degenerated mucoid tissue, taking care to leave behind as much of the intact ACL as possible. Releasing it and performing a notchplasty treated impingement of the ACL to the roof and lateral wall. In one patient, we had to replace ACL due to insufficient tissue left behind to support the knee.

Results:

Good to excellent pain relief on terminal flexion–extension was obtained in 19 of 20 knees. The extension deficit was normalized in all knees. Lachman and anterior drawer test showed a firm endpoint in all, and 85% (n=17) showed good to excellent subjective satisfaction.

Conclusions:

Mucoid hypertrophy of the ACL should be suspected in elderly persons presenting pain on terminal extension or flexion without preceding trauma, especially when there is no associated meniscal lesion or ligamentous insufficiency. They respond well to a judicious arthroscopic release of the ACL with notchplasty.     

A retrospective analysis of risk factors for meniscal co-morbidities in anterior cruciate ligament injuries

Background:

The association of meniscal cartilage injury with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is well documented in literature. The aim of this study was to examine the relative risk factors for meniscal pathology at the time of arthroscopic ACL reconstruction.

Materials and Methods:

A review of the case records including both in-patient and out-patient charts of all patients who underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction during the preceding 3 years was performed by either of the authors. The relative incidences of associated meniscal pathologies were analyzed in correlation with age, side of injury, time to surgery, mode of injury, and gender as the risk factors. Statistical analysis was performed to obtain individual data correlation.

Results:

A total of 192 patients underwent ACL reconstruction during the 3-year time frame. Of these, complete data sets were available for 129 patients. Analysis revealed that the only factor that was statistically significant in raising the risk of meniscal pathology was the time to surgery (P = 0.001). There was a significant increase in medial, lateral, and both meniscal tears noted in cases operated beyond 24 weeks. Further, the incidence of medial meniscal tears as well as lateral meniscal tears increased with delay in presentation for surgery (P = 0.004). Mode of injury, age at presentation, sex, and side were not significantly associated with an increased incidence of meniscal pathology.

Conclusion:

The single factor that significantly affects incidence of meniscal co-morbidity in ACL injury is the delay in presentation (i.e. the time to surgery). The incidence of lateral meniscal tears as well as medial meniscal tears increased with delay in surgery. This should guide us toward recommending all patients irrespective of age, gender, or mode of injury to undergo early reconstruction, thereby reducing the likelihood of developing meniscal pathology.     

Biomechanical properties of the transverse carpal ligament under biaxial strain

The transverse carpal ligament (TCL) influences carpal stability and carpal tunnel mechanics, yet little is known about its mechanical properties. We investigated the tissue properties of TCLs extracted from eight cadaver arms and divided into six tissue samples from the distal radial, distal middle, distal ulnar, proximal radial, proximal middle, and proximal ulnar regions. The 5% and 15% strains were applied biaxially to each sample at rates of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1%/s. Ligament thickness ranged from 1.22 to 2.90 mm. Samples from the middle of the TCL were thicker proximally than distally (p < 0.013). Tissue location significantly affected elastic modulus (p < 0.001). Modulus was greatest in the proximal radial samples (mean 2.8 MPa), which were 64% and 44% greater than the distal radial and proximal ulnar samples, respectively. Samples from the middle had a modulus that was 20–39% greater in the proximal versus more distal samples. The TCL exhibited different properties within different locations and in particular greater moduli were found near the carpal bone attachments. These properties contribute to the understanding of carpal tunnel mechanics that is critical to understanding disorders of the wrist. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:757–763, 2012     

关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建后十字韧带的近期疗效

 目的 探讨关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术双束重建后十字韧带（posterior cruciate ligament,PCL）的近期疗效。方法 2007年3月至2009年9月,采 用关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术行双束PCL重建且随访超过1年的PCL损伤患者17例,男16例,女1例;年龄19~54岁,平均25岁。术前Lysholm膝关节评分（53.4±2.1） 分;国际膝关节评分委员会（International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC）分级C级7例,D级10例;后抽屉试验阳性17例。术中采用自行设计的胫骨 后方倒打隧道钻具系统制作限深骨隧道。随访时行膝关节X线摄片和螺旋CT检查,观察嵌入骨栓的位置和愈合情况。末次随访时评估Lysholm膝关节评分、IKDC分 级及后抽屉试验,比较与术前的稳定性差异。结果 17例患者均获得随访,随访时间12~28个月,平均17.8个月。末次随访时Lysholm膝关节评分（93.5±1.7）分 ,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.016）;IKDC分级A级15例、B级2例,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.021）;后抽屉试验阴性15例,弱阳性2例。术后 12周X线片和螺旋CT示嵌入骨栓的位置满意,愈合良好。结论 胫骨后方倒打隧道钻具系统可以准确制作限深骨隧道,创伤小,使用这种钻具系统的PCL重建术近 期疗效好。     

前十字韧带重建术后开链与闭链康复运动的选择

  目的 比较前十字韧带重建术后康复中开链运动与闭链运动的效果,为前十字韧带重建术后康复方案的选择提供依据。方法 2009年2月至2010年 6月符合纳入标准的接受异体肌腱单束解剖重建前十字韧带手术的患者60例,随机分为两组,分别采用开链运动康复方案（30例）和闭链运动康复方案（30例） 。两组术前Lysholm膝关节评分、国际膝关节评分委员会（International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC）评分、KT-1000值的差异均无统计学意义。比 较术后3个月及6个月时两组患者的主动、被动关节活动度差值、Lysholm膝关节评分、IKDC评分、单足跳测试及KT-1000值。结果 术后3个月两组被动关节活动度 差值、Lysholm膝关节评分、IKDC评分的差异均无统计学意义;主动关节活动度差值、单足跳测试、KT-1000值的差异有统计学意义,闭链运动组优于开链运动组 。术后6个月两组主动关节活动度差值、被动关节活动度差值、Lysholm膝关节评分、IKDC评分、单足跳测试的差异均无统计学意义;KT-1000值的差异有统计学 意义,闭链运动组优于开链运动组。结论 闭链运动较开链运动能更好地保护重建韧带,更有利于本体感觉及肌肉力量的恢复。