Learned helplessness and animal models of depression

The degree to which organisms can exert control over events to which they are exposed has a strong impact on behavior and physiological functioning. Effects caused by the uncontrollability of events that are beyond the organism's control rather than by the events per se have been called learned helplessness effects. The present paper reviews such learned helplessness effects. At a behavioral level, uncontrollable aversive events result in associative, motivational, and emotional deficits. At a neurochemical level, uncontrollable but not controllable aversive events have been reported to lead to disturbances in cholinergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic systems. However, there are interpretive difficulties in this literature, and these are discussed. The controllability/uncontrollability of aversive events has a role in producing stress-induced analgesia and the activation of endogenous opiate systems. These relationships are reviewed. It is proposed that the learning that aversive events cannot be controlled activates an opiate system. The research reviewed is related to depression, and the general issue of animal models of depression is discussed. It is concluded that no experimental paradigm can be a model of depression in some general sense, but can only model a particular aspect. Learned helplessness may model "stress and coping".     

医疗安全与可控性管理

探讨医疗安全与可控性管理问题,通过提高医疗质量服务增加可控性,从而降低医疗风险.     

Weight control beliefs, body shape attitudes, and physical activity among adolescents

BACKGROUND: Relatively little is known about how perceived weight controllability influences important psychological health factors among adolescents. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore adolescents' weight controllability beliefs and how those beliefs influence weight‐related attitudes and behaviors. METHODS: Adolescents (N = 369, mean age = 13.14, SD = 0.95) enrolled in physical education completed a survey packet, which included demographic questions and items targeting obesity, body shape, and weight controllability beliefs. RESULTS: Participants believed that fat children have weight problems because they consume too many calories, are lazy, have access to junk food, and lack self‐control. Those who endorsed high weight controllability beliefs were more likely to indicate that a thin person, as compared to a fat person, would enjoy physical activity and be coordinated, have higher levels of personal weight and body shape satisfaction, and engage in vigorous physical activity more days per week. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived weight controllability may be an important construct to study further, particularly in relationship to health‐ and weight‐related attitudes and behaviors.     

中药制药工程理论研究与实践

“中药制药工程”是传统中医药理论与现代药学理论、传统生产工艺与现代工程技术相结合的时代产物。中药制药工程技术是支撑我国中药产业步入良性发展的理论与生产实践的基础。中药制药工程技术研究的领域应遵循质量可控、工艺规范、中试放大和装备标准四个要素的原则。中药产业历经了中药机械化、中药工业化和中药现代化发展的三个历史阶段,今天,将所取得的成绩和经验,以及所作出的代价与教训进行总结十分必要,应该注意到,中药现代化的发展在确定了国家宏观政策和主管部门的正确导向之后,其中药行业本身工程素质和技术标准将是起决定性作用的因素。