MR动态增强扫描在前列腺癌诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的通过绘制时间信号强度曲线,探讨MRI快速序列动态增强在前列腺癌诊断及鉴别诊断中的价值方法对5例无泌尿系症状健康对照者、13例经病理证实的前列腺癌及36例前列腺增生行MR平扫、动态增强及延迟扫描,测量并计算病灶和正常组织的相对信号强度值,并绘制正常周围带、前列腺癌与增生三者的时间信号强度曲线。结果正常周围带轻度强化,并缓慢上升至晚期达峰值;36例前列腺增生早期明显强化并逐渐上升至中晚期达峰值后缓慢下降;13 例前列腺癌中9例早期明显强化,并快速下降,4例T2WI像上弥漫性病灶呈现中晚期强化结论正常周围带、前列腺癌及前列腺增生的动态强化方式明显不同,应用动态增强扫描可对前列腺癌的诊断与鉴别诊断起积极作用。     

肝门区胆管癌的MRI应用价值

目的探讨肝门区胆管癌(HC)的MRI检查技术及应用价值。方法HC34例所有病例均行MR一体化扫描,包括MR平扫、MRCP、MR动态增强血管成像(3D-DCE-MRA),并作出能否手术切除的评价,与手术结果相对照。结果34例HC均可见肝门肿块、肝内胆管扩张、肝门胆管中断,动态增强扫描31例表现为延迟强化,3D-DCE-MRA中6例在动脉期表现为螺旋样动脉,18例可见门静脉受侵,表现为门脉侧壁浸润、门脉缩窄或闭塞,MRI对能否手术切除评估的准确性为88.2%(30/34)。结论MRI检查能充分显示HC病变及其侵犯范围,对HC进行准确的诊断和术前评估。     

Imaging spectrum in disseminated histoplasmosis: Case report and brief review

The clinical manifestations of chronic disseminated histoplasmosis are non-specific and resemble those of other chronic infections and malignancies. We report the radiographic, sonographic and contrast-enhanced CT appearances of histoplasmosis in an adult male with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, who was HIV negative and presented with weight loss and pyrexia. Imaging studies simulated tuberculosis with mediastinal lymphadenopathy, bilateral fibrotic lung lesions, hepatomegaly and bilateral hypoattenuating adrenal enlargement, without clinical or laboratory evidence of hypoadrenalism. Computed tomography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of adrenal glands revealed Histoplasma capsulatum. We report our experience to increase awareness of the imaging spectrum of disseminated histoplasmosis and its similarity to tuberculosis as, with increasing incidence of AIDS, the chances of these infections are likely to increase. Moreover, awareness of this entity is important because it is known that untreated disseminated histoplasmosis is fatal.     

细针穿刺与对比增强超声对TI-RADS4类甲状腺结节诊断价值的比较

目的：评价超声引导下细针穿刺活检(ultrasound-guided fi ne needle aspiration biopsy,US-FNAB)和对比增强超 声(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEU)对甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(thyroid imaging reported and data system,TI- RA DS) 4类甲状腺结节的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析已行手术治疗的甲状腺结节、其术前常规彩色B超检查结果为TI- RA DS 4类的患者134例,并收集US-FNAB,CEU和术后病理切片结果的资料。以手术后组织病理结果为金标准,对US-FNAB 标本行HE染色和细胞学检查。计算CEU和US-FNAB的灵敏度、特异度、准确率及费用。比较CEU与US-FNAB的诊 断价值。结果：134例甲状腺结节中,有恶性结节131例,良性结节3例。US-FNAB和CEU的灵敏度分别为87.02%和 93.89%,特异度分别为100.00%和66.67%,准确率分别为87.31%和93.28%。配对χ2检验显示：CEU和US-FNAB的灵敏度 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但在结节直径≤10 mm的患者中,US-FNAB和CEU的灵敏度分别为87.50%和100.00%,差 异有统计学意义(P<0.05);结节直径>10 mm的患者中,US-FNAB和CEU的灵敏度分别为92.73%和85.45%,差异无统计 学意义(P>0.05)。US-FNAB费用及风险均高于CEU。结论：对于直径>10 mm的甲状腺结节,US-FNAB检查的敏感度高 于CEU,而对于US-FNAB诊断为阴性、直径≤10 mm的甲状腺结节,仍可推荐检出率高、安全、经济的CEU检查。     

超声造影不均匀低增强对甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值

目的:探讨超声造影（CEUS）不均匀低增强对甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值。方法:选取2015年2月至2017年2月于延安大学附属医院行甲状腺手术并于术前行超声造影检查的患者，回顾性分析，将增强模式表现进行分类，并与病理结果进行对照。结果:72例患者共74个结节。不均匀低增强43个结节，其中31个乳头状癌，9个结节性甲状腺肿，2个桥本氏甲状腺炎，1个髓样癌；超声造影不均匀低增强诊断甲状腺乳头状癌的敏感性、特异性及准确率分别为86.11%(31/36)、68.42%(26/38)和77.03%(57/74)。结论:超声造影诊断甲状腺乳头状癌具有其独特的优势，但是仅仅依靠“不均匀低增强”诊断PTC存在较高的误诊率，所以诊断过程中还应注意结节增强后的边界、形态及甲状腺包膜完整性等观察指标。     

Using modern teaching strategies to teach upper abdominal sonography to medical students

BackgroundUpper abdominal sonography can help physicians to confirm the diagnosis of various hepatobiliary diseases. Teaching sonography skills to medical students is important because it may enhance their level of knowledge and overall development during their gastroenterology section rotation. Sonographic imaging is abstract and students can be easily confused when scanning the abdominal structures from different sites and directions. We used several modern teaching strategies to facilitate the learning of sonography skills.MethodsThe year five medical students beginning a gastroenterology section rotation for their first-year clerkship were taught abdominal sonography skills. Abstract sonographic images were related to concrete objects and the surrounding structures were further indicated. Each of the images was given a specific name and was sorted according to the scanning site. A mnemonics system was designed to help students to memorize the names of these images. A badge was created to recognize the achievement of being able to complete a basic upper abdominal sonography. Students were free (i.e., not obligated) to request a demonstration opportunity to show their skills within 2 weeks after receiving tutelage. We recorded the number of students who received training and were able to successfully complete the task; these individuals then received a badge to be pinned onto their white coats.ResultsSixty-three of 68 students (92.6%) requested evaluation and all of them passed.ConclusionWe have greatly simplified the process of learning about upper abdominal sonography by using andragogy to enhance learning, mnemonics to help memory, and a pin-badge reward system to stimulate incentives.