肝癌的分子靶向治疗进展

随着对肝癌分子机制的深入研究,分子靶向治疗成为近年来肝癌治疗的研究热点,一些分子靶向治疗药物的疗效获得了认可.经查阅国内、外近年有关肝癌的分子靶向治疗的文献,本文就肝癌的分子靶向治疗进展进行综述.     

环氧合酶-2在膀胱癌中的表达及临床意义

目的检测环氧合酶-2（cyclooxygenase-2,COX～2）在膀胱移行细胞癌组织中的表达及其意义。方法采用免疫组化法检测50例膀胱癌组织和10例正常组织中COX-2蛋白的表达,并结合临床资料进行分析。结果正常组织中COX-2蛋白的表达水平明显低于肿瘤组织（P〈0．001）。G1级和G2～G3级膀胱癌中COX-2蛋白表达的阳性率分别为20％、60％,差异有统计学意义（P=0．022）。非肌层浸润性膀胱癌和浸润性膀胱癌中COX-2蛋白表达的阳性率为36．8％和83．3％,差异有统计学意义（P=0．005）。COX-2表达与患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤的数目及大小无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。结论COX-2在高分级膀胱移行细胞癌和侵袭性膀胱移行细胞癌中阳性表达率显著上升,表明COX-2可能在膀胱移行细胞癌的形成中起重要作用,有望为膀胱癌的靶向治疗提供新的途径。     

负压封闭引流治疗小鼠创面铜绿假单胞菌感染的效果及机制

目的 观察VSD对感染创面中铜绿假单胞菌生长的影响,并探讨其可能机制。 方法 选取健康成年雄性C57BL/6小鼠40只,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组,每组20只。无菌条件下切除各小鼠背部1 cm×1 cm的全层皮肤,将细菌荧光素酶目的基因luxCDABE标记的野生型铜绿假单胞菌菌株PAO1 -lux涂抹于创面,包扎创面24 h,制成铜绿假单胞菌感染小鼠模型。治疗组小鼠创面行VSD治疗（负压为-16.625 kPa）,对照组创面常规换药。分别于治疗前和治疗24 h时,用小动物活体成像系统检测2组小鼠创面PAO1-lux荧光强度,激光多普勒血流成像仪检测创面血流量,以实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测创缘组织IL-1β、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的mRNA表达水平。观察治疗24 h时2组小鼠创缘组织病理学特点。对实验数据行t检验。 结果(1)治疗前,治疗组小鼠创面PAO1 -lux荧光强度与对照组相近(t=0.03,P=0.98);治疗24 h时,治疗组的荧光强度为(2.69±0.75)光子·秒-1·厘米-2·单位角度-1(photons· s-1- cm-2·sr-1),明显低于对照组的(5.18±0.96)photons·s-1·cm-2·sr-1,t =3.54,P=0.02。(2)治疗前,治疗组小鼠创面血流量与对照组相似(t =0.50,P=0.64);治疗24 h时,治疗组创面血流量为(96±9)灌注单位,明显高于对照组的(70±11)灌注单位,t=3.13,P=0.04。(3)治疗前,2组小鼠创缘皮肤组织中IL-1β、VEGF mRNA表达水平接近（t=0.19,P=0.86;t=0.07,P=0.95）;治疗24h时,治疗组IL-1β、VEGF mRNA表达水平分别为4.72±0.37、2.68±0.39,均明显高于对照组的2.24±0.50、1.22±0.13,t值分别为6.90、6.12,P值均为0.00。(4)治疗24 h时,治疗组创缘皮肤组织内炎性细胞浸润数量较对照组增加约77％。 结论 与常规换药相比,VSD治疗在小鼠全层皮肤缺损早期即能明显降低创面铜绿假单胞菌含量。其机制可能与增加创面局部血流量、提高创面组织炎性细胞数量、促进IL-1β和VEGF的mRNA表达有关。     

失血性休克液体治疗推荐方案

失血性休克(hemorrhagic shock)是指由各种原因引起的急性血液或血浆大量丢失而导致的有效循环血量与心输出量减少、组织灌注不足、细胞代谢紊乱和功能受损的病理生理过程,是临床常见的危重综合征之一。     

乳腺癌表皮生长因子受体-2分子靶向治疗临床应用策略

乳腺癌分子靶向治疗显著改善了人表皮生长因子受体-2（HER-2）阳性患者的疗效,本文总结了HER-2靶向治疗中若干临床应用策略,包括复发转移乳腺癌患者转移病灶需要重活检进行HER-2重检测;曲妥珠单抗治疗进展后继续应用或者换用拉帕替尼均可获益;乳腺癌临床实践指南（NCCN）推荐HER-2阳性大于1cm肿瘤辅助化疗同时联合曲妥珠单抗治疗,目前曲妥珠单抗标准治疗时间为1年;目前NCCN不推荐新辅助采取双重靶向药物治疗;在HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助、辅助、复发转移治疗阶段,均可能产生靶向治疗耐药,区分为原发耐药与继发耐药;在临床实践中建议根据患者耐药类型选择后续靶向治疗,同时需要继续寻找耐药相关生物学指标,预测耐药的发生,从而使患者从分子靶向治疗中最大程度获益。     

乳腺癌内分泌治疗发展与未来

乳腺癌是激素依赖性肿瘤,内分泌药物的选择除了根据患者的年龄、病灶部位、手术到复发的间隔时间以及受体测定等因素外,还要根据不同药物的作用机制以及副反应而定。随着对内分泌治疗药物作用机制的深入研究和大规模临床研究的证实,激素受体阳性乳腺癌的内分泌治疗疗效将不断提高。     

保护阴茎血管内皮功能:勃起功能障碍治疗新途径

阴茎勃起是典型的神经血管过程。越来越多证据表明,阴茎血管内皮功能异常是勃起功能障碍发生的重要机制。保护阴茎血管内皮功能可以改善勃起功能,血管内皮保护剂通过减轻氧化应激损伤、保护勃起递质的功能活性,改善阴茎海绵体血管内皮功能,从而治疗勃起功能障碍。保护阴茎血管内皮功能,将成为勃起功能障碍治疗的新途径。     

Postnatal HIV transmission in breastfed infants of HIV‐infected women on ART: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Introduction : To systematically review the literature on mother‐to‐child transmission in breastfed infants whose mothers received antiretroviral therapy and support the process of updating the World Health Organization infant feeding guidelines in the context of HIV and ART. Methods : We reviewed experimental and observational studies; exposure was maternal HIV antiretroviral therapy (and duration) and infant feeding modality; outcomes were overall and postnatal HIV transmission rates in the infant at 6, 9, 12 and 18 months. English literature from 2005 to 2015 was systematically searched in multiple electronic databases. Papers were analysed by narrative synthesis; data were pooled in random effects meta‐analyses. Postnatal transmission was assessed from four to six weeks of life. Study quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS) and GRADE. Results and discussion : Eleven studies were identified, from 1439 citations and review of 72 abstracts. Heterogeneity in study methodology and pooled estimates was considerable. Overall pooled transmission rates at 6 months for breastfed infants with mothers on antiretroviral treatment (ART) was 3.54% (95% CI: 1.15–5.93%) and at 12 months 4.23% (95% CI: 2.97–5.49%). Postnatal transmission rates were 1.08 (95% CI: 0.32–1.85) at six and 2.93 (95% CI: 0.68–5.18) at 12 months. ART was mostly provided for PMTCT only and did not continue beyond six months postpartum. No study provided data on mixed feeding and transmission risk. Conclusions : There is evidence of substantially reduced postnatal HIV transmission risk under the cover of maternal ART. However, transmission risk increased once PMTCT ART stopped at six months, which supports the current World Health Organization recommendations of life‐long ART for all.     

High self‐reported non‐adherence to antiretroviral therapy amongst adolescents living with HIV in Malawi: barriers and associated factors

Introduction : Globally adolescents and young adults account for more than 40% of new HIV infections, and HIV‐related deaths amongst adolescents increased by 50% from 2005 to 2012. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is critical to control viral replication and preserve health; however, there is a paucity of research on adherence amongst the growing population of adolescents living with HIV/AIDS (ALHIV) in Southern Africa. We examined levels of self‐reported ART adherence, barriers to adherence, and factors associated with non‐adherence amongst ALHIV in Malawi. Methods : Cross‐sectional study of 519 ALHIV (12–18 years) attending two large HIV clinics in central and south‐eastern Malawi. Participants self‐reported missed doses (past week/month), barriers to adherence, and completed questionnaires on past traumatic events/stressors, disclosure, depression, substance use, treatment self‐efficacy, and social support. Biomedical data were retrieved from existing medical records. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors independently associated with self‐reported ART adherence (7 day recall). Results : The mean age of participants (SD) was 14.5 (2) years and 290 (56%) were female. Of the 519 participants, 153 (30%) reported having missed ART doses within the past week, and 234 (45%) in the past month. Commonly reported barriers to adherence included forgetting (39%), travel from home (14%), busy with other things (11%), feeling depressed/overwhelmed (6%), feeling stigmatized by people outside (5%) and within the home (3%). Factors found to be independently associated with missing a dose in the past week were drinking alcohol in the past month (OR 4.96, 95% CI [1.41–17.4]), missed clinic appointment in the past 6 months (OR 2.23, 95% CI [1.43–3.49]), witnessed or experienced violence in the home (OR 1.86, 95% CI [1.08–3.21]), and poor treatment self‐efficacy (OR 1.55 95% CI [1.02–2.34]). Sex and age were not associated with adherence. Conclusions : In our study, nearly half of all ALHIV reported non‐adherence to ART in the past month. Violence in the home or alcohol use in the past year as well as poor treatment self‐efficacy were associated with worse adherence. Sub‐optimal adherence is a major issue for ALHIV and compromise treatment outcomes. Programmes specifically tailored to address those challenges most pertinent to ALHIV may help improve adherence to ART.     

Omitting radiation therapy in women with triple-negative breast cancer leads to worse breast cancer-specific survival

PurposeTo examine locoregional recurrence (LRR) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) after breast-conserving therapy (BCT) or mastectomy (ME) with or without radiation therapy (RT) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).Material & MethodsWe identified non-metastatic TNBC cases from a single institution database. BCT, ME with RT (ME + RT) and ME only were compared with respect to LRR and BCSS. Cox regression models were used to analyze the association between prognostic factors and outcome.Results439 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Median follow-up was 10.2 years (interquartile range 7.9; 12.4 years). Patients in the BCT (n = 239), ME + RT (n = 116) and ME only (n = 84) group differed with respect to age, pT, pN, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node dissection and chemotherapy administration. Ten-year LRR rates were seven percent, three percent and eight percent for the BCT, ME + RT and ME only group, respectively. pN was associated with LRR. In multivariable analysis LRR were significantly lower in the ME + RT group compared to the BCT and the ME only group (p 0.037 and 0.020, respectively).Ten year BCSS was 87%, 84% and 75% for the BCT, ME + RT and ME only group, respectively. pT, pN, lymph node dissection, lymphovascular invasion and the administration of chemotherapy were associated with BCSS. In multivariable analysis BCSS was significantly lower in the ME only group compared to the BCT group and the ME + RT group (p 0.047 and 0.003, respectively).ConclusionTNBC patients treated with ME without adjuvant RT showed significant lower BCSS compared to patients treated with BCT or ME + RT and significant more LRR compared to ME + RT when corrected for known clinicopathological prognostic factors.