党政干部工作倦怠与组织公民行为相关研究

目的 对党政干部工作倦怠与组织公民行为的相关性进行探讨.方法 采用自编的工作倦怠问卷和组织公民行为问卷对党政干部进行调查,用t检验、方差分析、相关分析、回归分析对数据进行处理.结果 党政干部的工作倦怠和组织公民行为在人口学变量上具有差异,相关分析和回归分析表明,工作倦怠和组织公民行为具有显著负相关.结论 要控制和减少党政干部的工作倦怠,鼓励和增加党政干部的组织公民行为.     

Epidemiology,Secondary School Curricula,and Preparing the Next Generation for Global Citizenship

Because COVID-19 and other emerging infectious diseases are likely to play an increasingly important role in shaping American and global society in years to come, there is a need to prepare young people to make informed decisions in this changing global context. One way to do so is teaching and learning about basic principles of epidemiology in secondary schools. Improved understanding about the agent of infection, mechanisms of transmission, factors that increase or decrease susceptibility, place variation and environmental factors that facilitate or hinder transmission, reservoirs of infection (where the agent lives and multiplies), and when the disease is more or less likely to occur comprise the main facts about an infectious disease relevant to prevention and control. Improved understanding of these basic concepts could help future generations make informed decisions in a changing global context with emerging infectious diseases and a plethora of widely disseminated misinformation and disinformation. This viewpoint considers why learning about epidemiology in secondary school would benefit population health using COVID-19 as an illustration.     

The health of Australian baby boomers

The large baby boomer cohort is beginning to reach retirement age. This paper reviews recent Australian literature on baby boomers' health and health behaviours. Databases were searched for peer‐reviewed literature and the Internet for online studies and reports. The boomers can expect an increased life span compared to those in later life now. Boomers' health behavioural risks include physical inactivity, low vegetable consumption, obesity and rising medical risk due to increasing prevalence of diabetes. Their health will impact on workforce participation and retirement timing. There is substantial scope for health improvement and consequent quality of life as boomers age. However, little is known about health decision‐making, inequalities between social groups and health information sources. Future research can yield a better understanding of the health trajectories of baby boomers in order to plan for health and service needs for an ageing Australia.     

Implications of attachment style for patterns of health and illness

There is substantial evidence that health status and health outcomes are related to the availability and quality of personal relationships. The proposition that attachment relationships in childhood and adolescence have health-related implications fits within this research tradition, and has guided recent attempts to develop models linking attachment style with emotional regulation, coping mechanisms, and illness behaviours. The present paper discusses these theoretical models, together with relevant empirical findings. It is argued that measures of attachment security are related to symptom-reporting, health-care utilization, and restriction of normal activities, and that these links can be explained, in part, by individual differences in emotional and behavioural responses to stress. It is further noted that researchers have proposed physiological and biochemical pathways which may explain some of the effects of attachment style on physical health. The quality of parent-child attachment also predicts family responses to children's illness, as reflected in parents' visitation rates and in family participation in studies of health and illness. The implications of the findings for research and for practice in the health professions are briefly discussed.     

Hostility and the educational gradient in health. The mediating role of health-related behaviours

BACKGROUND: The aim was to study hostility as a factor intermediate in the association between educational level and health. METHODS: 1997 cross-sectional data from the Dutch GLOBE study (1675 men and 1819 women) was used. The analyses distinguishes between direct effects of hostility on health, and indirect effects, which are through health-related behaviours. The latter indicates that hostile people may be at risk of adverse health, because they engage in unhealthy behaviours. Data were analysed with logistic regression techniques. RESULTS: Among men and women, the odds of less than good health was higher in lower educational groups. A substantial part of the educational gradient in health could be ascribed to the intermediate effects of hostility. Among both men and women, the direct effects of hostility were more important than indirect effects. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that interventions should be aimed at the prevention of the development of hostility. Additionally, interventions aimed at the reduction of health damaging behaviours among adults may lead to a reduction of socio-economic inequalities in health.     

Lifestyle patterns concerning sports and physical activity,and perceptions of health

SummaryObjectives To explore the perceptions of health and physical activity, and the associations between these two areas from a theoretical lifestyle perspective.Methods Data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire, among 3019 adults attending centres for preventive medicine in France. Correspondence analysis examined the significance of the relationships between perceptions of health and perceptions of sports and physical activity.Results Four pricipal types of subjects emerged from the factor analyses expressing four different lifestyle patterns. Non physically active lifestyle: a feeling of not being healthy, Physically active lifestyle, pleasure/leisure-oriented, Necessarily physically active lifestyle, regardless of health, Physically active lifestyle aimed at stress relief.Conclusions The sociological approach helps tackle sports and physical activity as behaviour patterns but also and especially as a health orientation connected with the socio-economical climate. This approach also gives sports practice back its meaningful cultural dimension.

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ZusammenfassungFragestellung Wie werden Gesundheit und körperliche Aktivitäten und Sport wahrgenommen? Welche Zusammenhänge bestehen zwischen den beiden Parametern in Hinblick auf den Lebensstil?Methoden Die Rohdaten wurden mit Hilfe eines selbst zu beantwortenden Fragebogens gesammelt. Die 3019 Studienteilnehmer sind ausschliesslich Erwachsene, die in einem französischen Vorsorgezentrum während einer freiwilligen Beratungsstunde angesprochen wurden. Der Schwerpunkt der anschliessenden Faktorenanalyse lag in der Suche nach Korrelationen zwischen der Wahrnehmung der Gesundheit und den Eindrücken, die die sportlichen Aktivitäten hinterliessen.Ergebnisse Diese Analyse ermöglicht es, vier Antwortprofile herauszuarbeiten, die letztlich vier verschiedenen Lebensstilen entsprechen: inaktiv, allgemeines Unwohlsein, das sich im klinischen Bereich niederschlägt, aktiv, auf Lustempfindungen orientiert, passiv, fatalistisch, ohne Interesse an Gesundheit, aber gesellschaftsorientiert, aktiv, gesundheitsbewusst, auf Stressabbau orientier.Schlussfolgerungen Aus soziologischer Sicht kann somit die Ausübung körperlicher Aktivitäten einerseits als reines Verhaltensmuster gedeutet werden, andererseits aber auch als gesundheitsorientierte Handlung, eng verknüpft mit den sozioökonomischen Verhältnissen. Sprot an sich erhält somit seine Bedeutung als kulturelle Dimension wieder.

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RésuméObjectifs Etudier les perceptions de la santé et de l'activité physique et sportive, ainsi que les relations entre les deux dans la perspective théorique du style de vie.Méthodes Des données ont été recueillies par questionnaire auto-administré auprès de 3019 adultes consultant un centre de médecine préventive français. Une analyse factorielle des correspondances a permis d'étudier les relations d'affinités entre les perceptions de la santé et celles de l'activité physique et sportive.Résultats Quatre profils de réponses se distinguent par cette analyse factorielle qui font émerger quatre styles de vie: physiquement inactif, le sentiment de ne pas être en bonne santé, physiquement actif, orienté vers le plaisir et les loisirs, physiquement actif au travail sans attention pour la santé et physiquement actif pour lutter contre le stress.Conclusions L'approche sociologique permet d'aborder la pratique physique et sportive, comme un comportement mais aussi et surtout comme une orientation de santé, en relation avec les conditions socio-économiques. Elle redonne ainsi à la pratique sportive sa dimension culturelle signifiante.

     

HCV status knowledge and risk behaviours amongst intravenous drug users

The aim of this study was to identify relationships between injecting and sexual risk behaviours and hepatitis C virus (HCV) status knowledge in intravenous drug users (IDUs). It was a cross-sectional survey (March 1994–June 1995) in 10 drug abuse treatment or psychosocial centres in Paris, France. We used a structured questionnaire about sexual, injecting, HIV and HCV antibody testing practices and results during the previous 6months. Six hundred and twelve sexually active IDUs aged 18 or older who were current injecting drug users were interviewed. Of 592 respondent IDUs, 37% did not report consistent HCV testing and 34% reported being HCV-positive. HCV-positive IDUs were older than HCV-negatives and HCV-unknowns. HCV-unknowns and HCV-positives had a lower educational level than HCV-negatives. After adjusting for demographic characteristics and HIV status, the factors associated with being HCV-unknown were not using condoms (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.9–4.6) as well as clean equipment (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2–3.0). Not using new equipment was negatively associated with being HCV-unknown (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2–0.6) and with being HCV-positive (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3–0.8). Our study suggests that particular sexual and injecting risk-behaviours are associated with not knowing HCV status. As HCV-unknown IDUs are likely to be at the risk of transmitting HCV or acquiring other infections. HCV testing should be encouraged and associated with sexual counselling. Special attention should be paid to disinfecting practices for HCV-positives and use of new injecting equipment should be recommended for HCV-negatives.     

EFFECTS OF LIFESTYLE, COPING AND WORK-RELATED STRESS ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN OFFICE WORKERS

1. The relative importance of perceived stress compared with coping behaviours and ‘lifestyle’ characteristics known to influence blood pressure were studied in 337 male and 317 female office workers. 2. Males had significantly higher mean systolic (P<0.01; t-test, 652 d.f.) and diastolic (P<0.01; t-test, 652 d.f.) blood pressure and unhealthier lifestyles than females, particularly in the areas of alcohol intake (P<0.01; t-test, 653 d.f.) and diet (P= 0.01; t-test, 663 d.f.). 3. In males drinking alcohol was correlated to job and home/work stress (P<0.05), and eating more atherogenic foods was correlated to home/work stress (P<0.05). 4. Coping by food and drug consumption was correlated with job and home/work stress (P <0.05) in males; avoidance/ denial coping was correlated with job stress in both males and females (P<0.001) and to home/work stress (P<0.001) in males only. Blood pressure was not correlated with stress in males or females. 5. In age-adjusted regression analyses body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle (physical inactivity, alcohol consumption and diet) made significant contributions to systolic (P= 0.02) and diastolic (P<0.01) blood pressure and, in separate analyses, coping contributed significantly to diastolic blood pressure (P<0.01) in males. Stress made no additional contribution to blood pressure in either analysis. 6. After including age, BMI, lifestyle and coping in males ‘lifestyle’ still contributed to systolic and diastolic blood pressure and coping made a significant additional contribution to diastolic blood pressure. Neither lifestyle or coping contributed significantly to blood pressure in females. 7. Thus obesity, alcohol, physical activity and diet had dominant effects on blood pressure; while any effects of job stress were indirect and related to maladaptive coping, particularly in males.     

Who you know, where you live: social capital, neighbourhood and health

This article examines the degree to which relationships between social capital and health are embedded in local geographical contexts and influenced by demographic factors, socio-economic status, health behaviours and coping skills. Using data from a telephone survey of a random sample of adults (N=1504 respondents, response rate=60%), the article determines if relationships between involvement in voluntary associations and various measures of individual health are associated with neighbourhood of residence in the mid-sized city of Hamilton, Canada. Associational involvement and overweight status (assessed by body-mass score) were weakly but significantly related after controlling for the other variables; involvement had relationships with self-rated health and emotional distress before but not after controlling for socio-economic status, health behaviours and coping skills. Relationships between neighbourhood of residence and two health outcomes, self-rated health and overweight status, were statistically significant before and after controlling for the other characteristics of respondents; neighbourhood of residence was not a significant predictor of number of chronic conditions and emotional distress in multivariate models. The neighbourhood and associational involvement relationships with health were not dependent upon one another, suggesting that neighbourhood of residence did not help to explain the positive health effects of this particular measure of social capital.