Seasonality in human semen quality of smokers and non-smokers： effect of temperature

Aim: To analyse the possible effect of seasonal variation on semen parameters. Methods: The participants consisted of 1688 men attending the andrology laboratory between 1991 and 1997 for reduced fertility in the couple. Semen analysis was performed according to the WHO manual. The 84 individual months of the study period were each assigned to one of the three groups according to the average monthly outside temperature; Group A (temperature <4.4℃), Group B (4.4℃-13.3℃) and Group C (>13.3℃). Results: When comparing the different sperm parameters, the morphology was significantly better in Group C. However, when the smokers were analysed separately, this difference disappeared and significant seasonal variations were found in sperm density, total sperm count, motility and total motile sperm; they were deteriorated in the warmer season. In non-smokers, no such negative effect of increased temperature was observed. Conclusion: Sperm quality is influenced by seasonal factors. Increased environmental tempe     

Epidemiology of classical risk factors in stroke patients in the Middle East

The Middle East (ME) is an ethnically and economically diverse region. A systematic review of all stroke studies conducted in the ME was carried out, with the aim of determining the prevalence of classic vascular risk factors (CRFs) across this region. Additionally, the prevalence of CRFs in the ME was compared to that of a US cohort. Prospective and retrospective ME stroke studies published from 1994 to 2014 were searched for that specifically reported on the prevalence of CRFs. The Z test for proportions was used to determine the significance of differences in CRF rates between the ME and non‐ME studies. A total of 21 724 stroke patients from 13 nations in the ME were included. The prevalence rates for CRFs in the ME stroke population were hypertension, 62.1%; diabetes, 33.1%; dyslipidaemia, 36.8%; ischaemic heart disease, 24.6%; smoking, 19.3%; and atrial fibrillation, 13.6%. Compared to the US cohort, ME patients had a lower prevalence of all CRFs except diabetes (P < 0.0001) and smoking (P = 0.05). Compared with stroke patients in the USA, those in the ME have a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes and smoking. Education and lifestyle modification is perhaps the most effective strategy in reducing the risk of stroke in this population.     

Accrued somatic mutations (nucleic acid changes) trigger ALS: 2005–2015 update

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multilevel disease of the motor neuron system. The mechanisms triggering disease onset should be considered separately from those facilitating its spread and motor neuron death. In 2005, I brought together clinical and epidemiological evidence to support the hypothesis that acquired nucleic acid changes may trigger sporadic ALS. Since 2005, the conceptual foundations for this hypothesis have been strengthened. The journal Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis was renamed Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration. The focal onset, with simultaneous initial maximal upper and lower motor neuron involvement in the region of onset, and patterns of spread, were characterized further. Clues from the epidemiology of sporadic ALS were affirmed by quantitative analysis, including the increase in disease incidence with age, suggesting accrual of time‐dependent changes, and the confirmation of smoking as an established risk factor. Additional observations support the conclusion that accrued somatic mutations trigger onset of ALS. Muscle Nerve 53 : 842–849, 2016     

武警某部战士吸烟情况调查及分析

目的 了解武警某部战士吸烟现状及对吸烟的相关认知、态度及行为倾向,为有针对性地开展部队控烟工作提供参考.方法 利用自行设计的吸烟问卷调查表,调查武警某部260名集训新兵及217名老兵的吸烟现状及对吸烟的危害认知、态度及行为倾向,并分析它们之间的关系.结果 战士总体吸烟率为37.32％(178/477),老兵吸烟率62....     

香烟烟雾暴露对雄性大鼠血浆尼古丁、可替宁的影响

目的 通过对吸烟大鼠血浆尼古丁、可替宁含量的测定,探讨香烟在体内的内暴露水平。方法 清洁级SD雄性大鼠160只,随机分为2、4、6、8、12周的低、中、高染毒剂量组及对照组,每组10只。采用呼吸道静式染毒,每日染毒一次,染毒周期为2、4、6、8、12周。观察大鼠的一般毒性效应,运用气相色谱-质谱联用法检测吸烟大鼠血浆中尼古丁、可替宁的含量。结果 香烟烟雾暴露组大鼠在第3周后逐渐开始出现间歇咳嗽,腹式呼吸加剧,鼻噪音等症状,暴露时间越长,症状越明显;染毒剂量越高,染毒周期越长,大鼠体重减少越明显,与空白对照组相比,差异有显著性（P < 0.01）;大鼠血浆尼古丁的保留时间为7.5~8.5 min,随暴露时间的延长,暴露剂量的增加,大鼠血浆中尼古丁含量较空白对照组（155±56.65）ng/mL有所增加;大鼠血浆可替宁的保留时间为11.5~12.5 min;随暴露时间的延长,暴露剂量的增加,大鼠血浆中可替宁含量较空白对照组（340±41.97）ng/mL有所增加,且呈现剂量-反应关系,不同暴露周期间可替宁含量的差异有显著性（P < 0.05）,且暴露时间与暴露剂量存在交互效应（P < 0.05）。结论 香烟烟雾暴露可造成大鼠机体不同程度的损伤,大鼠血浆可替宁浓度能够有效反映香烟烟雾内暴露情况,且呈现较好的剂量-反应关系。     

海口市烟草流行状况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解和掌握海口市烟草流行状况,为有针对性地开展控烟干预提供依据。方法 采用分层多阶段整群抽样法,抽取海口市15岁以上常住居民作为调查对象。采用入户,由调查员使用掌上电脑面对面询问的方式开展调查。结果 海口市15岁以上常住居民现在吸烟率为21.76%,不同地区之间现在吸烟率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。不同性别、城乡、年龄、文化程度及职业人群之间现在吸烟率差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;进行多因素Logistics回归分析显示,海口市15岁以上常住居民现在吸烟率的主要影响因素是男性、25~<45岁人群、初中文化、高中/中专文化、农林牧渔水利业生产人员、企业商业服务业工作人员以及未就业人员;海口市市民对电子烟的知晓率和使用率相对较低（分别为22.36%和0.72%）。非吸烟者一周中暴露于二手烟的比率是67.41%。结论 海口市现在吸烟率低于全国、全省平均水平,但部分群体吸烟率仍然较高,开展控烟干预应侧重吸烟率较高群体;海口市二手烟暴露较为严重,应加强公共交通工具、公共场所和工作场所的控烟工作。     

Effects of smoking on renal function in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Smoking increases the risk of end-stage renal failure in patients with primary renal disease. Whether and to what extent smoking affects the kidneys in diabetic patients with normal renal function and variable degrees of proteinuria has not been fully studied. METHODS: We followed 185 patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus and with or without signs of overt renal disease for at least 3 years, median 5.1 (3-6.8) years. Each patient had a baseline visit and at least four follow-up visits (average 4.8+/-0.3). Cases were patients who were smoking (n = 44) at the time the survey was started. Controls were patients who had never smoked (n = 141). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the MDRD formula. Multiple logistic regression was used to correct for confounding factors. RESULTS: At baseline, smokers were younger (47+/-14 vs 54+/-16 years, P < 0.01), and had a lower GFR (95+/-26 ml/min) than non-smokers (107+/-33 ml/min, P < 0.05). Mean GFR remained constant during follow-up in non-smokers (106+/-31 ml/min), but decreased significantly in smokers (83+/-22 ml/min, P < 0.0001), and this relationship persisted when adjusted for retinopathy, glycaemic control, age, body habitus, ACE-inhibitor treatment, blood pressure control or severity of proteinuria. The effect of smoking on GFR decline was stronger in patients with type 1 diabetes or male gender. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking causes a decrease in GFR in diabetic patients with normal or near-normal renal function, independent of confounding factors including severity of proteinuria. The latter finding suggests a mechanism independent of glomerular damage.     

香烟烟雾对雄性大鼠性功能影响的实验研究

目的:研究香烟烟雾对雄性大鼠性功能的影响。方法:30只SD雄性大鼠随机均分为两组,吸烟组制备大鼠吸烟模型,使用市售红金龙过滤咀香烟(每支焦油含量13mg),吸烟组每日使其被动吸烟4次,每次两支,每次30min持续60d;对照组正常饲养。实验结束前1周两组动物笼中分别放入5只雌性大鼠,采用24h监控录像监测观察骑跨动作1周,60d后处死取标本。测定大鼠血中睾酮水平及阴茎海绵体组织一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性,行阴茎海绵体组织的Masson染色图像分析。结果:吸烟组大鼠骑跨动作次数减少,血中睾酮水平明显降低(P<0.05),阴茎海绵体组织NOS活性及平滑肌面积显著降低(P<0.05),胶原纤维明显增加,海绵窦血管腔有明显变化。结论:吸烟组大鼠阴茎勃起功能受到明显影响,睾酮水平降低及阴茎海绵体组织NOS活性降低、阴茎海绵体平滑肌面积的减少可能是其重要的发病机制。     

The Role of Smoking in Breast Cancer Development: An Analysis of a Mayo Clinic Cohort

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive value of smoking history on breast cancer diagnosis in a referral clinic population. We conducted a case–control study using clinical data collected on 8,097 female patients (1,225 breast cancer cases and 6,872 controls) seen in the Mayo Clinic Breast Clinic between August 1, 1993 and November 31, 2003. Breast cancer patients and noncancer patients significantly differed with respect to age at time of the index visit (p < 0.001), number of pregnancies (p = 0.006), number of live births (p = 0.002), vital status at last known follow-up (p < 0.001), current menstruation (p < 0.001), age at menopause (p < 0.001), history of hysterectomy (p < 0.001), use of oral contraception (p = 0.05), duration of oral contraception use (p = 0.001), use of other exogenous hormones (p < 0.001), duration of exogenous hormone use (p = 0.05), breast pain at time of index visit (p = 0.002), smoking status (p < 0.001), and use of five or more alcoholic beverages per week (p = 0.002). After adjustment for these baseline characteristics, having a personal history of smoking was found to be predictive of breast cancer diagnosis (odds ratios [OR] = 1.25, p = 0.004). Other positive predictors for breast cancer diagnosis were: age (OR = 1.02, p < 0.001), history of hysterectomy (OR = 0.66, p < 0.001), prior use of oral contraception for more than 11 years (OR = 2.10, p < 0.001), and prior use of other exogenous hormones/estrogen (OR = 1.81, p < 0.001). In this referral practice having a personal history of smoking is predictive of breast cancer diagnosis. Further studies are needed to further explore this relationship.