同伴冲突情境下学龄儿童的情绪表达

目的考察同伴冲突情境下学龄儿童情绪表达策略的特点及发展规律。方法从两所普通小学抽取三四五年级共886名被试,采用故事情境法进行考察。结果①同伴冲突情境下,学龄儿童夸大策略的使用显著高于其他3种策略(t≥3.17,P0.01),弱化策略使用最少(t≤-7.91,P0.001);②学龄儿童情绪表达策略总分的年级主效应显著(F=3.72,P0.05),性别主效应显著(F=5.80,P0.05);③在轻微冲突情境中,更多使用夸大策略(F=2.94,P=0.06);在模糊伤害情境中,更多使用平静化策略,且女生使用次数显著多于男生(F=3.46,P0.05);在故意伤害情境中,更多地使用弱化策略,男生使用次数多于女生(F=3.95,P0.05)。结论同伴冲突情境具有情境特异性,在该情境下,学龄儿童不同情绪表达策略存在性别、年级和冲突情境类型差异。     

Thinking on Your Feet: Understanding the Immediate Responses of Staff to Adults Who Challenge Intellectual Disability Services

Background A gap prevails between the conceptualization of good practice in challenging behaviour management and its implementation in intellectual disability services. This study aimed to investigate staff members’ perspectives of managing clients with challenging behaviours in residential services. Materials and Methods Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with eleven staff in two services. Additionally, service documents on challenging behaviour management were examined in these services. A qualitative methodology was used to investigate staff members’ immediate responses to clients’ difficult behaviours and their decision‐making processes. Results The immediate responses of staff were conceptualized as the result of complex appraisals shaped by their service context involving the core processes of making the right choice and prioritizing the best interests of all involved. Conclusions Staff members’ responses were understood as a dynamic and retroactive process, where their past and current challenging behaviour management experiences in the service influenced their responses to clients in the future.     

Effects of Symptoms of Comorbid Psychopathology on Challenging Behaviors Among Atypically Developing Infants and Toddlers as Assessed With the Baby and Infant Screen for Children With Autism Traits (BISCUIT)

Comorbid psychopathology and challenging behaviors often occur among persons with developmental disabilities. However, little attention to this issue has been reported in young children. In this study, individuals 17 through 36 months of age with varying diagnoses, such as intellectual disability, developmental delay, and Down syndrome, among others, were evaluated. Greater levels of symptoms of comorbid psychopathology were related to higher rates of challenging behaviors. Additionally, Inattention/Impulsivity, Avoidant Behavior, Anxiety/Repetitive Behaviors, and Tantrum/Conduct Problems were significantly related to high rates of Aggressive and Destructive Behaviors, Stereotypies, and Self-Injurious Behavior. Also, those who displayed greater levels of Eating/Sleep Problems engaged in more Aggressive and Destructive Behaviors and Stereotypies but not Self-Injurious Behavior. Thus, even at young ages, children with atypical development without an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis are at high risk for a variety of problem behaviors and disorders that may be related to one another.     

Why the transformation of the risk message is a healthy sign: a model of the reception of warning messages

In this article, we examine the communication of health risks caused by technological and natural disasters to the public. Contrary to the commonly accepted view, we argue that in the context of the risk society, the transformation and multiplication of risk messages among the public is a healthy sign. We aim to show how the recipients of risk communication can overcome the confusion that emanates from the inevitable contradictions of warning messages. We used Luhmann’s communication theory to develop a model of the analysis of personal interpretations of warning messages and examined how this explained the variations in the personal sense of risk that shaped the reception of a warning message. Our model developed Luhmann’s concepts of first- and second-order observations: direct and reflective approaches to risk messages. Using data derived from seven focus groups conducted in four Estonian cities in 2009–2010, we examined how the choice between direct and reflective approaches to risk messages was dependent on recipient’s reflection of social relations in the messages and the channels of their delivery. We found that the first response to the warning message depended on whether the information could be dealt with by first-order observation. When members of the focus group realised they needed to use a second-order observation strategy, they tended to use emotions to respond to risk messages. Our data show that defining risks and legitimising solutions in a collective discussion tended to be more important for an individual than accessing the one-dimensional official constructions of risks.     

Challenges to Realizing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in Australia for People with Intellectual Disability and Behaviours of Concern

It has been a significant period of time since Australia ratified the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006 (CRPD). While the CRPD brings significant positive changes in legislation, public policy, and service delivery (for example, in the National Disability Insurance Scheme), there are still a number of challenges in implementing the CRPD in Australia, particularly for people with intellectual disability who exhibit behaviours of concern. Some of the challenges include a negative perception of disability, the misrepresentation of occupational health and safety frameworks, and a revival of the call for congregate care living. Given these barriers to full CRPD realization, some of the solutions may include a closer engagement with families, other legislative frameworks, and industrial relations, and a stronger monitoring role for the CRPD implementation in Australia.     

Problems with capnography at high altitude

The aim of this study was to investigate why capnographs malfunction at high altitude, in order to suggest ways of improving instrument reliability. Four machines were decompressed to simulated high altitude and measurements taken. The study showed that the reduced air density at altitude has effects upon the pump, causing difficulty in entraining gas, and that high altitude has additional effects upon calibration of the instruments.     

Selank and Short Peptides of the Tuftsin Family in the Regulation of Adaptive Behavior in Stress

White laboratory male rats, inbred male C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice, and male Wistar rats, all previously divided on the basis of the type of emotional reactivity, were used to compare the effects of ten peptide compounds of the tuftsin family and Selank on the behavioral manifestations of emotional stress created by a conflict situation. Peptides were shown to have positive emotional effects and antistress actions. Individual physiologically significant effects were seen, due to the molecular structures of the study peptides and/or their degradation fragments. The results demonstrate the potential for the synthesis of peptide compounds with predictable directions of pharmacological actions and safe for wide use.