Bone Marrow Adipocytes—Role in Physiology and Various Nutritional Conditions in Human and Animal Models

In recent years, adipose tissue has attracted a lot of attention. It is not only an energy reservoir but also plays important immune, paracrine and endocrine roles. BMAT (bone marrow adipose tissue) is a heterogeneous tissue, found mostly in the medullary canal of the long bones (tibia, femur and humerus), in the vertebrae and iliac crest. Adipogenesis in bone marrow cavities is a consequence of ageing or may accompany pathologies like diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM), T2DM, anorexia nervosa, oestrogen and growth hormone deficiencies or impaired haematopoiesis and osteoporosis. This paper focuses on studies concerning BMAT and its physiology in dietary interventions, like obesity in humans and high fat diet in rodent studies; and opposite: anorexia nervosa and calorie restriction in animal models.     

Effects of Palm Stearin versus Butter in the Context of Low-Carbohydrate/High-Fat and High-Carbohydrate/Low-Fat Diets on Circulating Lipids in a Controlled Feeding Study in Healthy Humans

Background. Foods rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) have been discouraged by virtue of their cholesterol-raising potential, but this effect is modulated by the food source and background level of carbohydrate. Objective. We aimed to compare the consumption of palm stearin (PS) versus butter on circulating cholesterol responses in the setting of both a low-carbohydrate/high-fat (LC/HF) and high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC/LF) diet in healthy subjects. We also explored effects on plasma lipoprotein particle distribution and fatty acid composition. Methods. We performed a randomized, controlled-feeding, cross-over study that compared a PS- versus a Butter-based diet in a group of normocholesterolemic, non-obese adults. A controlled canola oil-based ‘Run-In’ diet preceded the experimental PS and Butter diets. All diets were eucaloric, provided for 3-weeks, and had the same macronutrient distribution but varied in primary fat source (40% of the total fat). The same Run-In and cross-over experiments were done in two separate groups who self-selected to either a LC/HF (n = 12) or a HC/LF (n = 12) diet track. The primary outcomes were low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C, triglycerides, and LDL particle distribution. Results. Compared to PS, Butter resulted in higher LDL-C in both the LC/HF (13.4%, p = 0.003) and HC/LF (10.8%, p = 0.002) groups, which was primarily attributed to large LDL I and LDL IIa particles. There were no differences between PS and Butter in HDL-C, triglycerides, or small LDL particles. Oxidized LDL was lower after PS than Butter in LC/HF (p = 0.011), but not the HC/LF group. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that Butter raises LDL-C relative to PS in healthy normocholesterolemic adults regardless of background variations in carbohydrate and fat, an effect primarily attributed to larger cholesterol-rich LDL particles.     

Obesity and Circulating Levels of Vitamin D before and after Weight Loss Induced by a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet

Background: Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, also influencing bone tissue. Several studies have reported that vitamin D blood levels were significantly lower in people with obesity, probably due to its uptake by the adipose tissue. Clinical studies that investigated the changes of circulating levels of vitamin D following weight loss reported controversial data. A very low-calorie ketogenic diet is acknowledged as a reliable treatment to achieve a rapid weight loss. Therefore, we investigated the effect of weight loss, consequent to a very low-calorie ketogenic diet, on vitamin D blood concentrations. Methods: A cohort of 31 people with obesity underwent a very low-calorie ketogenic diet for 10–12 weeks. The serum concentrations of vitamin D, parathormone, calcium and phosphorous were measured before and after weight loss; they were compared to a control group of 20 non-obese, non-diabetic, age- and gender-matched persons. Results: Patients with obesity had a higher habitual intake of vitamin D than the control group (p < 0.05). However, the vitamin D blood levels of the obese group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.005) and they increased after weight loss (p < 0.001). At baseline, vitamin D blood concentrations of the persons with obesity were significantly correlated with both fat mass–kg (r = −0.40; p < 0.05) and body mass index (r = −0.47; p < 0.01). Following very low-calorie ketogenic diet, the change in vitamin D serum concentrations was correlated only with the change in fat mass–kg (r = −0.43; p < 0.01). Conclusion: This study confirmed that patients with obesity have lower vitamin D levels that normalize after significant weight loss, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D is stored in the adipose tissue and released following weight loss.     

小于胎龄儿的追赶生长与脂肪追赶

小于胎龄儿生后出现追赶生长与脂肪追赶的倾向,经历快速追赶生长的小于胎龄儿其脂肪重聚发生时间提前,存在脂肪追赶现象。目前尚不清楚这种倾向是由于低体重本身、出生后快速追赶性生长还是两者的结合。研究多聚焦于不同的追赶生长模式将会影响长期健康结局。本文通过回顾已发表的最新研究进展,报告了可能的小于胎龄儿最佳追赶生长模式。     

甲硝唑口颊片的工艺研究

采用正交试验设计,考察处方工艺中羧甲基纤维素钠的用量、筛网的大小和片剂的硬度对甲硝唑口颊片的质量影响,从而优选甲硝唑口颊片的最佳处方和制备工艺。制备的甲硝唑口颊片各项指标均符合质量标准,20、50和90min的释放度分别为33．4％、54．3％和74．1％。     

手术绝经对身体脂肪分布影响的研究

目的：探讨手术绝经对身体脂肪分布的影响。方法：手术绝经者32例,进行术前及术后6个月的自身比较。用双能X线吸收仪（DEXA）测定体脂肪量、躯干脂肪量及下肢脂肪量,并计算体脂肪率、躯干脂肪量／下肢脂肪量比（T／L）、上半身型的百分比。结果：手术绝经者术后6个月下肢脂肪量明显低于手术前（P＜0．05）,T／L明显高于手术前（P＜0．01）,手术前后的上半身型各占19．4％和36．6％。结论：手术绝经也可能会使身体脂肪分布向上半身型移行,且最初可能是下肢脂肪量的减少。上半身型脂肪分布会引起一系列代谢合并症,应引起高度重视。     

应用适形睡眠垫自然睡眠防治慢性病的临床观察

目的通过睡眠中脊柱保护防治颈椎病、腰椎病及与其相关的慢性病。方法观察３０例颈椎病和（或）腰椎病及可 能与之相关的慢性病患者应用脊柱适形睡眠垫保持自然体位睡眠后的效果。结果平均睡眠 １０７．２７ ｄ后,综合显效率 ９７．６９％。其中７例原发性高血压患者中,４例血压明显降低。结论应用脊柱适形睡眠垫自然睡眠可保护脊柱整体,进 而防治慢性病。     

Lipoma of the temporal region: a rare case series

Lipomas are common benign tumours that can occur in most parts of the body. Lipomas arising from the deep temporal fat pad, found between the two layers of the deep temporal fascia, are rare, however; there has been only one documented case report to our knowledge. We describe a second case arising from the temporal fat pad in a patient treated at our unit, having previously reported the first one, and discuss the relevant anatomy and management.     

VIBE-Dixon序列骨髓脂肪定量与骨密度在女性骨质疏松症评价的研究

目的 探讨扫描层厚、翻转角对VIBE-Dixon序列测量腰椎骨髓脂肪分数的影响,探讨脂肪分数与骨密度(bone mineral density, BMD)的相关性,确定其与年龄、体质量指数（body mass index, BMI)、绝经、运动的关系。方法 选取116名符合纳入标准的志愿者,行腰椎MRI VIBE-Dixon扫描和DXA扫描。测量L1~4椎体骨髓的脂肪分数和骨密度。用组内相关性评估测量可重复性。采用Pearson线性相关分析评价2 mm与4 mm层厚的测量结果。采用Pearson线性相关分析评价5°、10°、15°翻转角得到的腰椎脂肪分数与骨密度的相关性。对年龄分组、BMI分组、运动情况分组均采用单因素方差分析,对绝经组与非绝经组采用t检验。结果 经两名技术专家测量的组内相关系数ICC=0.983。不同层厚结果之间存在明显相关性[r=0.981 (5°),0.969 (10°),0.972 (15°);P均﹤0.05]。不同翻转角、不同层厚结果与骨密度之间存在中度相关性[r=0.702 (2 mm-5°),0.732 (2 mm-10°),0.703(2 mm-15°),0.697(4 mm-5°),0.700(4 mm-10°), 0.714(4 mm-15°); P均﹤0.05]。腰椎椎体脂肪分数随年龄增加呈上升趋势,不同年龄组间差异有统计学差异[F=31.87(2 mm-5°), 28.41(2 mm-10°), 28.69 (2 mm-15°), 34.11(4 mm-5°), 34.05(4 mm-10°), 32.82(4 mm-15°); P﹤0.05]。腰椎椎体脂肪分数随BMI增加呈上升趋势;绝经女性FF值明显高于非绝经女性;运动强度对FF值没有影响。结论 VIBE-Dixon测量腰椎椎体脂肪分数具有可重复性;层厚和翻转角对评估影响较小;腰椎椎体脂肪分数能较好反映骨质量,并与腰椎骨密度呈负相关。