Compartmentalized T cell profile in the lungs of patients with HIV-1-associated pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma

Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma (pKS) caused by Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is a devastating form of KS in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Blood T cells play a central role in the response of HIV-1 and HHV-8. However, little information is available on T cells in the alveolar space of HIV-1-associated pKS patients.Therefore, we examined CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the alveolar space in comparison with the blood of patients with pKS. We recruited 26 HIV-1 positive patients with KS, including 15 patients with pKS. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and blood mononuclear cells were analyzed for T cell memory phenotypes, surface markers associated with exhaustion, and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) using flow cytometry. HIV-1 and HHV-8 viral loads were measured in plasma by quantitative PCR.BAL T cells showed reduced inflammatory capacities and significantly diminished polyfunctionality compared to blood T cells from patients with pKS. This was not accompanied by increased expression of exhaustion markers, such as TIM-3 and PD-1.More importantly, we found a negative correlation between the production of MIP1-β and TNF-α in T cells in BAL and blood, indicating compartmentalised immune responses to pKS and accentuated chronic HIV-1/HHV-8 pathogenesis via T cells in the lungs of people with pKS.     

连续性血液净化联合支气管肺泡灌洗救治重症肺炎机械通气患者的临床研究

目的评价连续性血液净化（CBP）联合支气管肺泡灌洗治疗重症肺炎并机械通气患者的疗效,探讨促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6和抑炎因子IL-10的临床意义及其预后的关系。方法 22例重症肺炎机械通气患者采用CBP联合肺泡灌洗,用放免法检测重症肺炎机械通气组和无感染患者组（对照组）血清和支气管肺泡液（BALF）中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10水平,并检测血气分析。结果重症肺炎机械通气患者治疗前、治疗后24h血清及BALF中的TNF-α、IL-6均明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）,治疗前BALF中的TNF-α、IL-6明显高于血清中水平（P〈0.05）;血清及BALF中治疗前TNF-α、IL-6明显高于治疗后24 h（P〈0.01）;治疗前BALF和血清中的IL-10无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,均明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）,治疗后24 h BALF和血清中的IL-10均明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）,而BALF中IL-10明显高于血清（P〈0.01）;治疗后24 h PaO2和氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）明显高于治疗前（P〈0.01）,PaCO2明显低于治疗前（P〈0.05）。结论 CBP联合支气管肺泡灌洗治疗重症肺炎并机械通气,可降低炎性介质对肺损伤,降低并发症的发生,促进重症肺炎机械通气患者早日脱离机械通气,有较高临床价值。     

肺纤维化小鼠肺泡灌洗液及肺组织中IL-10和TGF-β1的动态表达

目的：探讨博莱霉素致肺纤维化小鼠各时期支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）及肺组织中IL-10和转化生长因子-β（TGF-β₁）的mRNA表达规律。 方法：40只雄性小鼠,随机分为2组：对照组10只,实验组30只。分别用生理盐水和博莱霉素（5 mg·kg^-1）气管内灌注,于第3、7、14、28和56天肺泡灌洗并处死,取肺泡灌洗液和肺组织,应用RT-PCR测定IL-10　mRNA和TGF-β₁　mRNA相对转录水平。 结果：①实验组BALF中IL-10 mRNA和TGF-β₁ mRNA表达增高,与对照组比较差异有显著性（P<0.05）;反应高峰分别在第14和7天。②实验组肺组织中IL-10 mRNA和TGF-β₁ mRNA表达高于对照组（P<0.01）;反应高峰分别在第14和7天。此后无明显下降,保持高水平表达。 结论：IL-10 mRNA和TGF-β₁ mRNA表达时相略有不同,但在致肺纤维化中发挥重要作用,并依此可判断病变程度和活动性。     

非小细胞肺癌 BALF 中 RAR-β基因甲基化与p53突变检测及相关性研究?

目的：探讨非小细胞肺癌患者支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中 RAR-β基因甲基化与 p53基因突变检测的临床意义及二者的相关性。方法收集非小细胞肺癌患者(肺癌组)85例及良性疾病患者(良性疾病组)70例的 BALF 标本,采用甲基化特异性 PCR(MSP)方法检测 BALF 中的 RAR-β基因甲基化,PCR 结合 DNA 测序法检测 p53基因突变。结果肺癌组 BALF 中RAR-β基因甲基化率及 p53基因突变率分别为49.4%、36.5%,均显著高于良性疾病组(P <0.01);(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)期 RAR-β基因甲基化率(32.5%)高于同期 p53基因突变率(12.5%)(P <0.05);(Ⅲ+Ⅳ)期 RAR-β基因甲基化率及 p53基因突变率均显著高于(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)期(P <0.01);发生 RAR-β基因甲基化的肺癌患者 p53基因突变率更高(P <0.01);发生 p53基因突变的肺癌患者RAR-β基因甲基化率更高(P <0.01)。结论检测非小细胞肺癌患者 BALF 中 RAR-β基因甲基化与 p53基因突变有助于肺癌的诊断。     

早期气道开放联合肺泡灌洗术救治重型颅脑损伤致吸入性肺炎的临床研究

目的研究早期气道开放联合纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术救治重型颅脑损伤致吸入性肺炎患者的价值及安全性。方法将入选患者,随机分治疗组与对照组。（1）治疗组患者观察其灌洗术前后的心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）、动脉氧分压（PaO2）、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）变化。（2）治疗组与对照组治疗结束后进行疗效分析,包括：机械通气时间、发热、咳嗽、咳痰持续时间、肺部啰音消失时间、使用抗生素时间等方面对比分析,并对治愈率、死亡率进行比较。结果治疗组42例,术程顺利,无并发症,术后HR、SpO2、PaO2明显好转（P〈0.05）,机械通气时间、发热、咳嗽、咳痰持续时间及肺部啰音消失时间明显缩短,治疗组与对照组的机械通气时间、肺部啰音消失时间、治愈率、死亡率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论早期气道开放联合纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术救治重型颅脑损伤并发吸入性肺炎患者,治疗效果好,安全性高。     

地塞米松联合肺泡灌洗术治疗大叶性肺炎患儿的疗效及其对血清sICAM-1、TIMP-1的影响

目的:探讨地塞米松联合肺泡灌洗术治疗大叶性肺炎患儿的疗效及其对血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子1(sICAM-1)、基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子1(TIMP-1)水平的影响。方法:选取2015年7月至2017年12月我院收治的104例大叶性肺炎患儿,按随机数表法分为对照组和观察组各52例。两组患儿均采用去咳平喘、抗感染、退热等常规治疗,对照组给予地塞米松治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上联合肺泡灌洗术治疗,比较两组患儿临床治疗效果、临床症状消失时间(咳嗽缓解时间、呼吸困难缓解时间、发热持续时间、肺部啰音消失时间、X片阴影消失时间)、住院时间,治疗前后炎症因子[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-8]及血清sICAM-1、TIMP-1水平变化情况和不良反应发生情况。结果:观察组治疗总有效率94.23%,显著高于对照组的71.15%(P<0.01);与对照组比较,观察组症状消失时间和住院时间均明显缩短(P<0.05);治疗后,两组患儿TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、sICAM-1、TIMP-1水平较治疗前均降低,与对照组比较,观察组降低更为显著(P<0.01);两组患儿均未发现地塞米松相关不良反应,观察组有5例发生纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗术并发症,治疗结束后均缓解。结论:地塞米松联合肺泡灌洗术治疗大叶性肺炎效果显著,可明显降低炎症因子及血清sICAM-1、TIMP-1水平,减轻炎症反应,从而加快患儿症状的缓解,快速控制病情,缩短住院时间。     

SP-D,KL-6, and HTI-56 levels in children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

The study was aimed to evaluate the potential biomarkers from pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D), Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), and 56-kD a human type I protein (HTI-56) in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. This retrospective study, self-controlled study enrolled 34 Chinese children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia. The levels of SP-D, KL-6, and HTI-56 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were assessed and compared between patients with unilateral lung infection and contralateral lungs without any abnormal findings. Significant differences in the levels of SP-D, KL-6, and HTI-56 were observed in infected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples compared with uninfected samples (all P<0.05); however, there was no correlation between the serum level of SP-D, KL-6, and HTI-56 and their levels in infected and uninfected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples (P>0.05). Conclusion: The high levels of SP-D, KL-6, and HTI-56 in infected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples may reflect the injury of alveolar epithelium caused by M. pneumoniae. Instead of SP-D in uninfected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples obtained by invasive bronchoscopy, serum SP-D may serve as a convenient medium to distinguish lung infection caused by M. pneumoniae.     

Testing the performance of a prototype lateral flow device using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in high‐risk patients

The diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) increasingly relies on non‐culture‐based biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The Aspergillus lateral flow device (LFD) is a rapid immunoassay that uses a novel Aspergillus monoclonal antibody to gain specificity. The objective of the study is to compare specificity and sensitivity of the prototype LFD and the galactomannan (GM) enzyme immunoassay in BAL fluid in high‐risk patients. A total of 114 BAL samples from 106 patients at high risk for IPA were studied: 8 patients had proven/probable IPA, 16 had possible IPA and 82 did not have IPA. In patients with proven/probable IPA, specificity of LFD was 94% and GM was 89%; sensitivity of LFD was 38% and GM was 75%. Negative predictive value (NPV) for LFD was 94% and for GM was 98%; positive predictive value (PPV) was 38% for both tests. The use of anti‐mould prophylaxis did not affect specificity but resulted in decreased NPV of both LFD and GM. Union and intersection analysis showed no improvement in the performance by using both tests. Among patients at risk for IPA, the diagnostic performance of LFD and GM in BAL fluid appears comparable; specificity is high, but sensitivity of both LFD and GM is poor.